Microbiology 154 Exam 1 Review Flashcards
Which of the following are required for microbial cell growth?
a. reduced cofactors
b. anabolic intermediates
c. energy conserved in chemical bonds
d. only (b) and (c)
e. (a), (b), and (c) are all required
e. (a), (b), and (c) are all required
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
a. have the same kinds of metabolic pathways, but little else in common
b. have nothing in common
c. have many things in common because they evolved from a common ancestor
d. are identical to each other
b. have nothing in common
The metabolism of microorganisms different from plants and animals because they
a. can only use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor
b. can use any element as a terminal electron acceptor
c. can use various chemicals as terminal electron acceptors
d. do not require an electron acceptor
c. can use various chemicals as a terminal electron acceptor
?
Oxidative phosphorylation is made possible by
a. the use of oxygen to reduce NAD+
b. the use of inorganic molecules as a source of carbon
c. fermentation where inorganic compounds are used as a terminal electron acceptor
d. a proton gradient that is formed by an electron transport chain
e. answers (a), (b), and (c) are all correct
e. answers (a), (b), and (c) are correct
?
A bacterial species has a generation time of 20 minutes and is growing exponentially. If there is 10 cells initially how many cells are there after 80 minutes?
a. 30
b. 80
c. 160
d. 200
e. none of the above
c. 160
10*2^4=160
Fermentation occurs
a. as a result of oxidative phosphorylation
b. as a result of substrate level phosphorylation
c. when an organic compound is used as a terminal electron acceptor
d. only when there are no inorganic electron acceptors available
c. when an organic compound is used as a terminal electron acceptor
An electron transport chain in bacteria
a. ‘pumps’ protons outside the cell
b. creates a proton motive force
c. results in phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP
d. answers (b) and (c) are correct
e. answers (a), (b) and (c) are all correct
d. answers (b) and (c) are correct
The growth of almost all bacteria in the environment
a. is limited by cool temperatures
b. is limited by high pH
c. is limited by the availability of one or more nutrients
d. is unlimited because bacteria are metabolically versatile
d. is unlimited because bacteria are metabolically versatile
Pasteur used swan-necked flasks
a. to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation
b. to explain why wine was sometimes sour
c. to demonstrate the cause of rabies
d. to demonstrate the effectiveness of pasteurization
a. to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation
According to Koch’s postulates a microorganism thought to cause a disease in one species of animal
a. must be seen in samples of blood using a microscope
b. must be isolated in pure culture and then used to cause the same disease in healthy animals
c. must never be found in healthy individuals
d. all the above
c. must never be found in healthy animals
In efforts to understand the causes of disease Pasteur showed that pathogenic organisms could be transmitted
a. by direct contact with an infected individual
b. by failing to sterilize surgical instruments
c. through the air
d. by drinking contaminated water
c. through the air
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek developed and used
a. the first compound microscope
b. the first vaccine to prevent an infectious disease
c. a microscope with a single lens
d. pasteurization to prevent the spoilage of food
c. a microscope with a single lens
Which of the following statements is true?
a. the cell walls of most bacteria are composed of peptidoglycan
b. peptidoglycan is a fatty acid
c. Gram-positive bacteria have a relatively thin layer of peptidoglycan
d. peptidoglycan is found mainly in the cell walls of fungi, algae and plants
e. answers (a) and (c) are correct
a. the cell walls of most bacteria are composed of peptidoglycan
Gram positive bacteria
a. have a thick cell wall, which retains the crystal violet dye when cells are Gram stained
b. contain teichoic acid in their cell walls
c. appear purple when Gram stained
d. all the above
e. none of the above
d. all of the above
The cell envelope of Gram negative bacteria
a. includes a thick cell wall
b. includes both an inner and outer membrane
c. includes a peptidoglycan layer
d. always includes a capsule made of polysaccharides
e. answers (b) and (c) are correct
e. answers (b) and (c) are correct
The cell membrane of bacteria
a. is semi-permeable
b. is usually a lipid bilayer
c. prevents cell lysis due to high intracellular osmotic pressure
d. answers (a) and (b) are correct
e. answers (a) and (c) are correct
d. answers (a) and (b) are correct
Which of the following statements are true about metabolism of a carbon-containing substrate:
a. ADP is reduced to form A TP
b. NAD+ is reduced to form NADH
c. it is always completely oxidized to carbon dioxide
d. answers (a) and (b) are correct
e. answers (a), (b) and (c) are all correct
e. answers (a), (b), and (c) are all correct?
Chemoheterotrophs
a. use carbon dioxide as a carbon source
b. use organic compounds as a carbon source
c. use chemical compounds as an energy source
d. answers (a) and (c) are correct
e. answers (b) and (c) are correct
c. use chemical compounds as a energy source
As part of metabolism ATP is formed
a. only by substrate level phosphorylation
b. by both substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation
c. during anabolism
d. none of the above
b. by both substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation
?
Regarding early life on Earth,
a. microbial life existed for hundreds of millions of years before plant and animal life
b. microbial life existed long before animals but has been around for about the same amount of time as plants
c. microbial life, plant life, and animal life all appeared at about the same time
d. it is impossible to determine which type of life first appeared
a. microbial life existed for hundreds of millions of years before plant and animal life
The structure that confers structural strength on bacterial cells is known as the
a. cytoplasmic membrane
b. cell wall
c. ribosome
d. cytoplasm
b. cell wall
Archaea and Bacteria are unified as prokaryotes in lacking ______________
a. membranes
b. nuclei
c. membrane-enclosed organelles
d. nuclei and membrane-enclosed organelles
d. nuclei and membrane-enclosed organelles
What is the name of the process in which cells take up nutrients from the environment and convert them into new cell constituents and waste products?
a. cell signaling
b. metabolism
c. evolution
d. differentiation
b. metabolism
When a bacterial culture contains only one type of organism, it is called a ______________.
a. mixed culture
b. liquid culture
c. environmental culture
d. pure culture
d. pure culture
Most microorganisms are pathogenic.
a. True
b. False
b. false
Which of the following statements is true?
a. peptidoglycan is comprised of cross-linked fatty acids
b. the cell walls of most bacteria are composed of peptidoglycan
c. Gram-negative bacteria have a relatively thick layer of peptidoglycan
d. peptidoglycan is found mainly in the cell walls of fungi, algae and plants
e. answers (a) and (b) are both correct
e. answers (a) and (b) are both correct
In metabolism, microorganisms
a. can only use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor
b. can use any element as a terminal electron acceptor
c. are different from plants and animals because they can use various chemicals besides
oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor
d. do not require an electron acceptor
c. are different from plants and animals because they can use various chemicals besides oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor.
The cell membrane of bacteria
a. is semi-permeable.
b. is usually a lipid bilayer
c. prevents cell lysis due to high intracellular osmotic pressure
d. answers (a) and (b) are correct
e. answers (a) and (c) are correct
d. answers (a) and (b) are correct