Microbiology

Question 1

what is the order of the taxonomic rank system?

Answer 1

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 2

What aspects do we use to differentiate organisms?

Answer 2

Morphology (cellular structure)
Biochemistry (metabolism)
Reproductive mechanism
Gram staining (bacteria)
DNA

Question 3

What process do bacteria and fungi reproduce asexually?

Answer 3

budding and fission

Question 4

What is budding?

Answer 4

Formation of an outward growth
eventually detaches
producing a new individual

Question 5

What is fission?

Answer 5

where a parents cell divides
produce two daughter cells

Question 6

Bacteria are grown in …………?
Fungi grow as ……………..?

Answer 6

Colonies
Filaments

Question 7

what are the two types of growth system?

Answer 7

open and closed

Question 8

What happens to nutrients in an open system?

Answer 8

are constantly replenished,
population growth will not stop

Question 9

What happens to nutrients in a closed system?

Answer 9

nutrients for growth become limited
growth will crease

Question 10

what two ways can we measure growth?

Answer 10

colony counts and microscopy

Question 11

what is the definition of colony counts?

Answer 11

process of counting individual viable bacteria
following careful culture on a petri dish of suitable growth media

Question 12

In microscopy what two pieces of equipment are used to determine the concentration of bacteria?

Answer 12

light microscope
haemocytometer ( microscope slide with calibrated grid- determine concentration)

Question 13

what other piece of equipment can be used to measure bacterial growth?

Answer 13

spectrophotometer (machine)
passes wavelengths of light though sample
determine how much light was absorbed by sample

used to track growth over time

Question 14

What can be used to trach bacterial growth over time?

Answer 14

spectrophotometer

Question 15

What does loss of viability mean?

Answer 15

loss of cells ability to develop and reproduce

Question 16

what happens if a species of bacteria or fungi enter a dormancy phase?

Answer 16

remain alive and viable - but do not reproduce in culture

Question 17

In what way to most fungi cells reproduce?

Answer 17

though spores (process sporulation)

Question 18

What are spores?

Answer 18

single-celled units of reproduction

Question 19

in what ways can spores be transported?

Answer 19

though air and liquid

Question 20

What occurs when spores arrive at a suitable destination

Answer 20

germinate

Question 21

What is germination?

Answer 21

the process by which an organism grows from a spore (seed)

Question 22

What are the features of bacteria?

Answer 22

are microscopic- single-celled (unicellular) organism
are prokaryotic (no nucleus and no organelles)
Have a cell wall
Are sensitive to antibiotics
only some produce spores
All contain plasmids

Question 23

What is the primary role of the capsule in bacteria?

Answer 23

prevent bacterium from drying out
protection from physical damage
Protection from phagocytosis by larger molecules

Question 24

What are capsules on a bacteria made from?

Answer 24

polysaccharides

Question 25

on a bacterium, what is the cell wall composed of?

Answer 25

peptidoglycan (polysaccaride)

Question 26

What are the features of a cell wall in a bacterium?

Answer 26

gives the cell its shape protection from the external environment provides support for both the fimbriae and flagella allows cell to resist changes to osmotic pressure

Question 27

in a bacterium, what does the cell membrane compose of?

Answer 27

phospholipid bilayer structure

Question 28

what are the features of the cell membrane?

Answer 28

control movement of material into and out of cell allows the cell to selectively interact with it's environment

Question 29

In a bacterium, what is the fimbriae made of?

Answer 29

protein (fibrillin)

Question 30

where does fimbriae originate in a bacterium?

Answer 30

originate in the cell membrane and protrudes though the cell wall

Question 31

In what bacterium is fimbriae most present?

Answer 31

gram-negative bacteria

Question 32

How does fimbriae help the bacterium?

Answer 32

allows bacteria to attach to other cells and surfaces

Question 33

In a bacterium, what is flagella composed of?

Answer 33

protein called flagellin

Question 34

How would you describe the mobility of flagella?

Answer 34

beats rhythmically

Question 35

What are the key features of flagella?

Answer 35

Photosynthetic - moves towards the light seeks out nutrition avoids unfavourable situations (toxins)

Question 36

How would you describe the structure of DNA in a bacterium?

Answer 36

a single, circular bacterial chromosomes

Question 37

Where is DNA localised in a bacterium?

Answer 37

in the nucleoid

Question 38

What does DNA contain?

Answer 38

the genetic structure for binary fission

Question 39

Where are plasmids found within a bacterium>

Answer 39

within the cytoplasm

Question 40

What genetic advantages do plasmids provide?

Answer 40

Antibiotic resistance

Question 41

What are the different shapes of bacteria?

Answer 41

Spherical (cocci) Rod-shaped (Bacilli) Spiral (spirilla)

Question 42

Name the processes in gram staining?

Answer 42

Treat with crystal violet stain used iodine solution (fix crystal violet stain to cell wall) treat will decolouriser (ethanol) treat with safarin counterstain

Question 43

What do gram positive bacteria produce?

Answer 43

exotoxin (proteins)

Question 44

What do gram negative bacteria produce?

Answer 44

endotoxin (lipids)

Question 45

What is an endospore composed of?

Answer 45

dehydrated core, containing DNA and inactive enzymes in a protein coat

Question 46

What are the key features of endospores?

Answer 46

capable of surviving extreme conditions very resilient can remain dormant for years until conditions are suitable only released following death of the cell

Question 47

What are the features of a virus?

Answer 47

not living - have no cells of their own no nucleus no organelles are infectious utilise host cell to reproduce neither prokaryotes or eukaryotes

Question 48

What are different entry points at which viruses can enter?

Answer 48

respiratory tract gastrointestinal tract broken skin mucous membrane placenta

Question 49

In what ways can viruses spread though the host?

Answer 49

blood lymph nerves

Question 50

Where do bacteria replicate?

Answer 50

outside host cell

Question 51

Where do viruses replicate?

Answer 51

inside host cell

Question 52

are bacteria sensitive to antibiotics?

Answer 52

yes

Question 53

are viruses sensitive to antibiotics?

Answer 53

No