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SHC151-Anatomy and Physiology > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the order of the taxonomic rank system?

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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2
Q

What aspects do we use to differentiate organisms?

A

Morphology (cellular structure)
Biochemistry (metabolism)
Reproductive mechanism
Gram staining (bacteria)
DNA

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3
Q

What process do bacteria and fungi reproduce asexually?

A

budding and fission

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4
Q

What is budding?

A

Formation of an outward growth
eventually detaches
producing a new individual

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5
Q

What is fission?

A

where a parents cell divides
produce two daughter cells

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6
Q

Bacteria are grown in …………?
Fungi grow as ……………..?

A

Colonies
Filaments

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7
Q

what are the two types of growth system?

A

open and closed

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8
Q

What happens to nutrients in an open system?

A

are constantly replenished,
population growth will not stop

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9
Q

What happens to nutrients in a closed system?

A

nutrients for growth become limited
growth will crease

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10
Q

what two ways can we measure growth?

A

colony counts and microscopy

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11
Q

what is the definition of colony counts?

A

process of counting individual viable bacteria
following careful culture on a petri dish of suitable growth media

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12
Q

In microscopy what two pieces of equipment are used to determine the concentration of bacteria?

A

light microscope
haemocytometer ( microscope slide with calibrated grid- determine concentration)

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13
Q

what other piece of equipment can be used to measure bacterial growth?

A

spectrophotometer (machine)
passes wavelengths of light though sample
determine how much light was absorbed by sample

used to track growth over time

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14
Q

What can be used to trach bacterial growth over time?

A

spectrophotometer

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15
Q

What does loss of viability mean?

A

loss of cells ability to develop and reproduce

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16
Q

what happens if a species of bacteria or fungi enter a dormancy phase?

A

remain alive and viable - but do not reproduce in culture

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17
Q

In what way to most fungi cells reproduce?

A

though spores (process sporulation)

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18
Q

What are spores?

A

single-celled units of reproduction

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19
Q

in what ways can spores be transported?

A

though air and liquid

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20
Q

What occurs when spores arrive at a suitable destination

A

germinate

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21
Q

What is germination?

A

the process by which an organism grows from a spore (seed)

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22
Q

What are the features of bacteria?

A

are microscopic- single-celled (unicellular) organism
are prokaryotic (no nucleus and no organelles)
Have a cell wall
Are sensitive to antibiotics
only some produce spores
All contain plasmids

23
Q

What is the primary role of the capsule in bacteria?

A

prevent bacterium from drying out
protection from physical damage
Protection from phagocytosis by larger molecules

24
Q

What are capsules on a bacteria made from?

A

polysaccharides

25
Q

on a bacterium, what is the cell wall composed of?

A

peptidoglycan (polysaccaride)

26
Q

What are the features of a cell wall in a bacterium?

A

gives the cell its shape
protection from the external environment
provides support for both the fimbriae and flagella
allows cell to resist changes to osmotic pressure

27
Q

in a bacterium, what does the cell membrane compose of?

A

phospholipid bilayer structure

28
Q

what are the features of the cell membrane?

A

control movement of material into and out of cell
allows the cell to selectively interact with it’s environment

29
Q

In a bacterium, what is the fimbriae made of?

A

protein (fibrillin)

30
Q

where does fimbriae originate in a bacterium?

A

originate in the cell membrane and protrudes though the cell wall

31
Q

In what bacterium is fimbriae most present?

A

gram-negative bacteria

32
Q

How does fimbriae help the bacterium?

A

allows bacteria to attach to other cells and surfaces

33
Q

In a bacterium, what is flagella composed of?

A

protein called flagellin

34
Q

How would you describe the mobility of flagella?

A

beats rhythmically

35
Q

What are the key features of flagella?

A

Photosynthetic - moves towards the light
seeks out nutrition
avoids unfavourable situations (toxins)

36
Q

How would you describe the structure of DNA in a bacterium?

A

a single, circular bacterial chromosomes

37
Q

Where is DNA localised in a bacterium?

A

in the nucleoid

38
Q

What does DNA contain?

A

the genetic structure for binary fission

39
Q

Where are plasmids found within a bacterium>

A

within the cytoplasm

40
Q

What genetic advantages do plasmids provide?

A

Antibiotic resistance

41
Q

What are the different shapes of bacteria?

A

Spherical (cocci)
Rod-shaped (Bacilli)
Spiral (spirilla)

42
Q

Name the processes in gram staining?

A

Treat with crystal violet stain

used iodine solution (fix crystal violet stain to cell wall)

treat will decolouriser (ethanol)

treat with safarin counterstain

43
Q

What do gram positive bacteria produce?

A

exotoxin (proteins)

44
Q

What do gram negative bacteria produce?

A

endotoxin (lipids)

45
Q

What is an endospore composed of?

A

dehydrated core, containing DNA and inactive enzymes in a protein coat

46
Q

What are the key features of endospores?

A

capable of surviving extreme conditions
very resilient
can remain dormant for years until conditions are suitable
only released following death of the cell

47
Q

What are the features of a virus?

A

not living - have no cells of their own
no nucleus
no organelles
are infectious
utilise host cell to reproduce
neither prokaryotes or eukaryotes

48
Q

What are different entry points at which viruses can enter?

A

respiratory tract
gastrointestinal tract
broken skin
mucous membrane
placenta

49
Q

In what ways can viruses spread though the host?

A

blood
lymph
nerves

50
Q

Where do bacteria replicate?

A

outside host cell

51
Q

Where do viruses replicate?

A

inside host cell

52
Q

are bacteria sensitive to antibiotics?

A

yes

53
Q

are viruses sensitive to antibiotics?

A

No

SHC151-Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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