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SHC151-Anatomy and Physiology > Histology and Microscopy > Flashcards

Histology and Microscopy Flashcards

1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

a collection of one or more cell types working together for a common purpose

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2
Q

Where are epithelial tissue found?

A

resting on the basement membrane

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3
Q

What is the basement membrane composed of?

A

Peptidoglycan (proteins and sugars)

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4
Q

What is the purpose of epithelial tissue?

A

secretion, protection and absorption

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5
Q

What are simple epithelia composed of?

A

single layer of cells (resting on a basement membrane)

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6
Q

What are stratified epithelia composed of?

A

Multiple layers of cells (stacked on top of each other)

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7
Q

How are simple squamous epithelium cells adapted?

A

adapted for diffusion of gasses (oxygen and CO2)
Are elastic (seen in alveolar air sacs in lungs)

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8
Q

What shape are simple squamous epithelium?

A

thin and flat

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9
Q

How are simple squamous epithelium adapted for diffusion in lungs?

A

each alveolar air sac- surrounded by dense network of blood capillaries

Alveolus inflates during respiration, allowing oxygen to rapidly diffuse across the capillary walls and enter blood

carbon dioxide diffuses in opposite diction from blood, across capillaries and alveolar walls

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10
Q

What is the inner layer of artery and veins called?

A

endothelium

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11
Q

What is the endothelium composed of?

A

simple squamous epithelial cells

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12
Q

How does the endothelial layer make contract with the blood?

A

direct contact

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13
Q

What do smooth squamous epithelial cells ensure?

A

that resistance to blood flow is minimal

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14
Q

What does the elastic nature of squamous cells ensure?

A

that blood vessels can dilate

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15
Q

What is the name used to describe increased blood flow?

A

vasodilation

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16
Q

What is the name used to describe reduced blood flow?

A

vasoconstriction

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17
Q

What chemicals do squamous cells produce?

A

nitric oxide

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18
Q

What does nitric oxide do?

A

helps regulate blood flow

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18
Q

What does nitric oxide do?

A

helps regulate blood flow

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19
Q

What are capillaries?

A

smallest blood vessles

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20
Q

What are capillaries formed from?

A

rolled up tube of simple squamous epithelial cells

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21
Q

why are squamous epithelial cells permeable?

A

between each adjacent cell there are slits

Fluid is forced out though slits by blood being forced into capillaries -

fluid collects in interstitial spaces

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22
Q

why is fluid important?

A

for the movement of oxygen and nutrients into cells

ensures blood is distributed to all cells and tissues

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23
Q

what does squamous layer secrete?

A

serous fluid ( natural lubricant)

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24
Q

Where is peritoneum found?

A

lining the abdominopelvic cavity

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25
Q

what does the peritoneum produce?

A

serous fluid - lubricate the surface of the internal viscera (prevent damage from body movements)

MOIST- susceptible to infection
inflammation (pertonitis)

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26
Q

What is the outer layer of the gut called?

A

serosa

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27
Q

What does the serosa produce?

A

serous fluid- intestines and gut tissues rub against each other during peristalsis/ bodily movement (present abrasion/ damage)

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28
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

compoud membrane surrounding the heart

29
Q

what is the function of the pericardium?

A

protect the heart and anchor it in position within the thorax

30
Q

what is the name for serous fluid produced by the parietal pericardium?

A

pericardial fluid

31
Q

the two serous membranes which surround the lungs are called?

A

pleural membranes

32
Q

what is the parietal pleural membrane attached to?

A

the inner surface of the thoracic cavity (ribcage)

33
Q

what is the visceral pleural membrane attached to

A

the outer surface of the lungs

34
Q

what is the pleural cavity filled with?

A

serous fluid produced by the pleura

35
Q

what are simple cuboidal epithelium shaped of?

A

cube shaped cells
single layerd

36
Q

what do cube-shaped celled have in comparison to simple squamous epithelial cells?

A

greater volume of cytoplasm

37
Q

what are cube-shaped cells involved in?

A

Biochemical processing

38
Q

what are kidney tubules good at?

A

regulation the composition of renal filtrate (ensure waste products remain within tubules)

39
Q

what areas are ependymal cells found?

A

choroid plexuses within the ventricles with surround the brain and spinal cord

40
Q

what are brain ventricles lined with?

A

cuboidal epithelial cells called ependymal cells

41
Q

what shape are simple columnar epithelium

A

column shaped
single layered

42
Q

where are simple columnar epithelium found

A

lining the gastrointestinal tract

43
Q

what do simple columnar epithelium have on their surface which increase surface area?

A

microvilli which
enhance the absorption of nutrients

44
Q

what do columnar epithelial cells have lining thier gut?

A

mucus producing goblet cells which
lubricate the passage of food and coats the intestinal mucosa presenting chemical autodigstion

45
Q

what does the ileum have embedded on their surface?

A

enzymes which helps to complete chemical digestion

46
Q

what do goblet cells produce?

A

mucin granules

47
Q

on release what happens to the mucin granules?

A

they expand on contact with water

48
Q

what does mucus contain?

A

antimicrobial compounds such as lysosomes, which can kill some bacteria by attaching to their cell calls (lysis/bursting)

49
Q

where are ciliated columnar epithelium found?

A

lining the fallopian tubes

50
Q

what is the function of ciliated columnar epithelium?

A

to transport the ova, released during ovulation (along the fallopian tubes to the uterus)

51
Q

what is chlamydia trachomatis?

A

most common STD

52
Q

what can chlamydia to do the ciliated columnar epithelium?

A

chlamydia can transport to the fallopian tubes, damaging the cilia, preventing the transport mechanism.

53
Q

what are the symptoms of chlamydia trachomatis in pregnancy?

A

infertility- unable to transport ova to uterus

fertilised ovum can become stuck in fallopian tubes- ectopic pregnancy
tube can rupture- medical emergency

54
Q

what are stratified squamous epithelium composed of?

A

multiple layers of thin, flat squamous cells

first layer of cells rests on basement membrane (cube shaped)

divides by mitosis - e.g. epidermis of the skin

55
Q

what occurs to newly produced layers of epidermis?

A

the cells gradually get pushed to the surface and become flattened

56
Q

what gradually accumulates as epithermal cells move to the surface?

A

the protein keratin

57
Q

what happens to the outer layers of epidermal cells

A

closer the cells get to the surface the more protein
protein causes cell to be impermeable to oxygen so it gradually dies

outer layer of epidermal cells are dead and so fall off

58
Q

what are stratified cuboidal epithelium cells composed off

A

multiple layers of cube-shaped cells

59
Q

where are stratified cuboidal epithelium found?

A

surrounding developing follicles within the ovaries

60
Q

as the epithelium is strong it allows for a build up of pressure within the follicles as it enlarges. what does this pressure cause?

A

causes the stratified cuboidal layer to rupture expelling the ovum into the fallopian tube during ovulation

61
Q

what is stratified columnar epithelium cells composed of

A

multiple layers of column shaped cells

62
Q

where are stratified columnar cells found

A

male urethra
conjunctiva of the eyes
portions of the pharynx (throat)
vas deferens (sperm ducts)

63
Q

what is the role of stratified columnar epithelium?

A

protection- thick and robust tissue

64
Q

what are pseudostratified epithelium cells composed of

A

single layer of cells
(however appear to look like multiple layers)

65
Q

In pseudostratified epithelium is each cell in contract with the basement membrane?

A

yes

66
Q

What gives pseudostratified epithelium a multi layered appearance?

A

the layer extends all the way to the surface, while other cells remain compressed

larger cells extending to surface are cilliated

67
Q

Where are pseudostratified epithelium found?

A

the respiratory tract, where it forms the muconciliary escalator

68
Q

what do the goblet cells in the pseudostratified layer produce?

A

mucus which traps particles inhaled into the airway

the cilia them move the contaminated mucus upwards towards the pharynx where is it swallowed

69
Q

what bacterium causes whooping cough?

A

Bordetella Pertussis

70
Q

what part of the body does Bordetella pertussis effect?

A

the respiratory tract- damaging the mucociliary escalator
as mucus cannot be cleared effectively- sinks down into respiratory tract - coughing reflex

71
Q

what are transitional epithelium composed of?

A

elastic stratified epithelium - lines certain hollow organs (bladder)
cause cells to change shape according to current volume of fluid in organ

bladder is full- cells flat (squamous)
Bladder empties - cells cube shaped and then to column shaped when fully empty

SHC151-Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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