Histology and Microscopy

Question 1

What is a tissue?

Answer 1

a collection of one or more cell types working together for a common purpose

Question 2

Where are epithelial tissue found?

Answer 2

resting on the basement membrane

Question 3

What is the basement membrane composed of?

Answer 3

Peptidoglycan (proteins and sugars)

Question 4

What is the purpose of epithelial tissue?

Answer 4

secretion, protection and absorption

Question 5

What are simple epithelia composed of?

Answer 5

single layer of cells (resting on a basement membrane)

Question 6

What are stratified epithelia composed of?

Answer 6

Multiple layers of cells (stacked on top of each other)

Question 7

How are simple squamous epithelium cells adapted?

Answer 7

adapted for diffusion of gasses (oxygen and CO2)
Are elastic (seen in alveolar air sacs in lungs)

Question 8

What shape are simple squamous epithelium?

Answer 8

thin and flat

Question 9

How are simple squamous epithelium adapted for diffusion in lungs?

Answer 9

each alveolar air sac- surrounded by dense network of blood capillaries

Alveolus inflates during respiration, allowing oxygen to rapidly diffuse across the capillary walls and enter blood

carbon dioxide diffuses in opposite diction from blood, across capillaries and alveolar walls

Question 10

What is the inner layer of artery and veins called?

Answer 10

endothelium

Question 11

What is the endothelium composed of?

Answer 11

simple squamous epithelial cells

Question 12

How does the endothelial layer make contract with the blood?

Answer 12

direct contact

Question 13

What do smooth squamous epithelial cells ensure?

Answer 13

that resistance to blood flow is minimal

Question 14

What does the elastic nature of squamous cells ensure?

Answer 14

that blood vessels can dilate

Question 15

What is the name used to describe increased blood flow?

Answer 15

vasodilation

Question 16

What is the name used to describe reduced blood flow?

Answer 16

vasoconstriction

Question 17

What chemicals do squamous cells produce?

Answer 17

nitric oxide

Question 18

What does nitric oxide do?

Answer 18

helps regulate blood flow

Question 18

What does nitric oxide do?

Answer 18

helps regulate blood flow

Question 19

What are capillaries?

Answer 19

smallest blood vessles

Question 20

What are capillaries formed from?

Answer 20

rolled up tube of simple squamous epithelial cells

Question 21

why are squamous epithelial cells permeable?

Answer 21

between each adjacent cell there are slits

Fluid is forced out though slits by blood being forced into capillaries -

fluid collects in interstitial spaces

Question 22

why is fluid important?

Answer 22

for the movement of oxygen and nutrients into cells

ensures blood is distributed to all cells and tissues

Question 23

what does squamous layer secrete?

Answer 23

serous fluid ( natural lubricant)

Question 24

Where is peritoneum found?

Answer 24

lining the abdominopelvic cavity

Question 25

what does the peritoneum produce?

Answer 25

serous fluid - lubricate the surface of the internal viscera (prevent damage from body movements) MOIST- susceptible to infection inflammation (pertonitis)

Question 26

What is the outer layer of the gut called?

Answer 26

serosa

Question 27

What does the serosa produce?

Answer 27

serous fluid- intestines and gut tissues rub against each other during peristalsis/ bodily movement (present abrasion/ damage)

Question 28

What is the pericardium?

Answer 28

compoud membrane surrounding the heart

Question 29

what is the function of the pericardium?

Answer 29

protect the heart and anchor it in position within the thorax

Question 30

what is the name for serous fluid produced by the parietal pericardium?

Answer 30

pericardial fluid

Question 31

the two serous membranes which surround the lungs are called?

Answer 31

pleural membranes

Question 32

what is the parietal pleural membrane attached to?

Answer 32

the inner surface of the thoracic cavity (ribcage)

Question 33

what is the visceral pleural membrane attached to

Answer 33

the outer surface of the lungs

Question 34

what is the pleural cavity filled with?

Answer 34

serous fluid produced by the pleura

Question 35

what are simple cuboidal epithelium shaped of?

Answer 35

cube shaped cells single layerd

Question 36

what do cube-shaped celled have in comparison to simple squamous epithelial cells?

Answer 36

greater volume of cytoplasm

Question 37

what are cube-shaped cells involved in?

Answer 37

Biochemical processing

Question 38

what are kidney tubules good at?

Answer 38

regulation the composition of renal filtrate (ensure waste products remain within tubules)

Question 39

what areas are ependymal cells found?

Answer 39

choroid plexuses within the ventricles with surround the brain and spinal cord

Question 40

what are brain ventricles lined with?

Answer 40

cuboidal epithelial cells called ependymal cells

Question 41

what shape are simple columnar epithelium

Answer 41

column shaped single layered

Question 42

where are simple columnar epithelium found

Answer 42

lining the gastrointestinal tract

Question 43

what do simple columnar epithelium have on their surface which increase surface area?

Answer 43

microvilli which enhance the absorption of nutrients

Question 44

what do columnar epithelial cells have lining thier gut?

Answer 44

mucus producing goblet cells which lubricate the passage of food and coats the intestinal mucosa presenting chemical autodigstion

Question 45

what does the ileum have embedded on their surface?

Answer 45

enzymes which helps to complete chemical digestion

Question 46

what do goblet cells produce?

Answer 46

mucin granules

Question 47

on release what happens to the mucin granules?

Answer 47

they expand on contact with water

Question 48

what does mucus contain?

Answer 48

antimicrobial compounds such as lysosomes, which can kill some bacteria by attaching to their cell calls (lysis/bursting)

Question 49

where are ciliated columnar epithelium found?

Answer 49

lining the fallopian tubes

Question 50

what is the function of ciliated columnar epithelium?

Answer 50

to transport the ova, released during ovulation (along the fallopian tubes to the uterus)

Question 51

what is chlamydia trachomatis?

Answer 51

most common STD

Question 52

what can chlamydia to do the ciliated columnar epithelium?

Answer 52

chlamydia can transport to the fallopian tubes, damaging the cilia, preventing the transport mechanism.

Question 53

what are the symptoms of chlamydia trachomatis in pregnancy?

Answer 53

infertility- unable to transport ova to uterus fertilised ovum can become stuck in fallopian tubes- ectopic pregnancy tube can rupture- medical emergency

Question 54

what are stratified squamous epithelium composed of?

Answer 54

multiple layers of thin, flat squamous cells first layer of cells rests on basement membrane (cube shaped) divides by mitosis - e.g. epidermis of the skin

Question 55

what occurs to newly produced layers of epidermis?

Answer 55

the cells gradually get pushed to the surface and become flattened

Question 56

what gradually accumulates as epithermal cells move to the surface?

Answer 56

the protein keratin

Question 57

what happens to the outer layers of epidermal cells

Answer 57

closer the cells get to the surface the more protein protein causes cell to be impermeable to oxygen so it gradually dies outer layer of epidermal cells are dead and so fall off

Question 58

what are stratified cuboidal epithelium cells composed off

Answer 58

multiple layers of cube-shaped cells

Question 59

where are stratified cuboidal epithelium found?

Answer 59

surrounding developing follicles within the ovaries

Question 60

as the epithelium is strong it allows for a build up of pressure within the follicles as it enlarges. what does this pressure cause?

Answer 60

causes the stratified cuboidal layer to rupture expelling the ovum into the fallopian tube during ovulation

Question 61

what is stratified columnar epithelium cells composed of

Answer 61

multiple layers of column shaped cells

Question 62

where are stratified columnar cells found

Answer 62

male urethra conjunctiva of the eyes portions of the pharynx (throat) vas deferens (sperm ducts)

Question 63

what is the role of stratified columnar epithelium?

Answer 63

protection- thick and robust tissue

Question 64

what are pseudostratified epithelium cells composed of

Answer 64

single layer of cells (however appear to look like multiple layers)

Question 65

In pseudostratified epithelium is each cell in contract with the basement membrane?

Answer 65

yes

Question 66

What gives pseudostratified epithelium a multi layered appearance?

Answer 66

the layer extends all the way to the surface, while other cells remain compressed larger cells extending to surface are cilliated

Question 67

Where are pseudostratified epithelium found?

Answer 67

the respiratory tract, where it forms the muconciliary escalator

Question 68

what do the goblet cells in the pseudostratified layer produce?

Answer 68

mucus which traps particles inhaled into the airway the cilia them move the contaminated mucus upwards towards the pharynx where is it swallowed

Question 69

what bacterium causes whooping cough?

Answer 69

Bordetella Pertussis

Question 70

what part of the body does Bordetella pertussis effect?

Answer 70

the respiratory tract- damaging the mucociliary escalator as mucus cannot be cleared effectively- sinks down into respiratory tract - coughing reflex

Question 71

what are transitional epithelium composed of?

Answer 71

elastic stratified epithelium - lines certain hollow organs (bladder) cause cells to change shape according to current volume of fluid in organ bladder is full- cells flat (squamous) Bladder empties - cells cube shaped and then to column shaped when fully empty