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SHC151-Anatomy and Physiology > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the first 22 pairs of chromosomes called?

A

Autosomes

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2
Q

What is the 23rd chromosome called?

A

Sex Chromosome

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3
Q

What are karyographs?

A

Photos of chromosomes
Arranged in pairs (according to size)

Determine chromosomal makeup of individual

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4
Q

What do Karyotypes reveal?

A

If there’s an extra or missing chromosome (aueuploidy)

if diploid number of chromosomes are present= correct

sex of individual

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5
Q

How are karyotypes commonly prepared?

A

Prepared from cells of unborn babies
Harvested though AMNIOCENTESIS

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6
Q

How does the process of amniocentesis work?

A

Amniotic fluid is collected using a needle

Visible chromosomes present- foetus (growing) = active cell division

foetus suspected in medium= contain detached foetal cells

chromosomal diseases can be identified= down syndrome

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7
Q

How many births does down syndrome occur?

A

1 in 800 live births

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8
Q

In what situation does the risk of having a baby with down syndrome increase?

A

As the mother increases with age

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9
Q

What are the clinical features of Down Syndrome?

A

Single transverse palmar crease

Flattened facial features

Macroglossia (enlarged tongue)

Epicanthal folds around eyes

Bushfield spots of iris spots

Sepal defects

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10
Q

What can macroglossia impact?

A

Impact speech and swallowing

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11
Q

What percentage of babies with down syndrome have sepal defects?

A

50%

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12
Q

What are the negative impacts of having a sepal defect?

A

Allows for the mixing of blood of the heart

Mixing of:
Oxygenated blood= Left
Deoxygenated blood= Right

Atrial sepal defects- NOT serious

Ventricle sepal defects- SERIOUS
- Rare
-Surgery
- Are the pumping chambers of the heart

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13
Q

How often does Patau syndrome (trisomy 13) occur ?

A

1 in every 10,000 live births

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14
Q

What are the physical defects of Patau syndrome?

A

Incomplete brain development

Missing eyes

Cleft Palate

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15
Q

How many cells are there in the humans body?

A

50 Trillion

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16
Q

What are the building blocks for DNA?

A

Nucleotides

17
Q

What is the shape of DNA?

A

double helix (twisted ladder)

18
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

found wrapped around histone proteins

19
Q

What happens when DNA prepares to divide?

A

Wound up very tightly

20
Q

What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum have?

A

ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis

21
Q

What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum have?

A

NO ribosomes
Sight of lipid synthesis

22
Q

Where is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

cytoplasm

between the nuclear envelope and the plasma membrane

23
Q

What is cytosol?

A

mixture of water, salts, sugars amino acids and growth factors

24
Q

Where is cytosol found?

A

ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
lysosomes
mitochondria

25
Q

What does the nucleolus synthesis?

A

rRNA

Leaves the nucleus via the nuclear pores before being assembled into ribosomes within the rough endoplasmic reticulum

26
Q

What is the Golgi Body?

A

specialised region of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

27
Q

What are the functions of the Golgi Body?

A

It receives proteins from the rough ER and “refines” them; usually by adding sugar residues (glycosylation)

packages material to export out of the cell

It packages digestive enzymes termed lysosomes

28
Q

What are the roles of lysosomes?

A

Digestive enzyme-bud off the Golgi apparatus and digest material within cells

Intracellular digestion-lysosomes are responsible for discharging their enzymes to kill and break down the pathogen.

29
Q

What is the role of the mitochondria?

A

responsible for cellular respiration

Inner membrane- cristae

metabolism- site where oxygen is reacted with glucose to release energy

ATP released- during metabolism

Mitochondria DNA replication

30
Q

What is the structure of the Plasma membrane?

A

phospholipid bilayer

Proteins-receptors and channel proteins

glycocalyx- sugar
allows cells to recognise each other and non-self materials such as bacteria and virsues

31
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

A

holds the cell together

regulates the movement of material into and out of the cell (membrane transport)

cell signalling (via receptors)
cell recognition

32
Q

How do lipid soluble molecules pass the plasma membrane?

A

Simple diffusion

33
Q

What is an example of a Non-motile extension?

A

Microvilli-
increase the surface area for absorption

within the gastrointestinal tract

34
Q

What is an example of a Motile extension?

A

cilia (hair-like projections)

move material such as mucus and flagella- found in spermatozoa

propel the spermatozoa by rhythmic whip-like movements

35
Q

What is Phagocytosis?

A

Cell eating

SHC151-Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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