Cell Biology

Question 1

What are the first 22 pairs of chromosomes called?

Answer 1

Autosomes

Question 2

What is the 23rd chromosome called?

Answer 2

Sex Chromosome

Question 3

What are karyographs?

Answer 3

Photos of chromosomes
Arranged in pairs (according to size)

Determine chromosomal makeup of individual

Question 4

What do Karyotypes reveal?

Answer 4

If there’s an extra or missing chromosome (aueuploidy)

if diploid number of chromosomes are present= correct

sex of individual

Question 5

How are karyotypes commonly prepared?

Answer 5

Prepared from cells of unborn babies
Harvested though AMNIOCENTESIS

Question 6

How does the process of amniocentesis work?

Answer 6

Amniotic fluid is collected using a needle

Visible chromosomes present- foetus (growing) = active cell division

foetus suspected in medium= contain detached foetal cells

chromosomal diseases can be identified= down syndrome

Question 7

How many births does down syndrome occur?

Answer 7

1 in 800 live births

Question 8

In what situation does the risk of having a baby with down syndrome increase?

Answer 8

As the mother increases with age

Question 9

What are the clinical features of Down Syndrome?

Answer 9

Single transverse palmar crease

Flattened facial features

Macroglossia (enlarged tongue)

Epicanthal folds around eyes

Bushfield spots of iris spots

Sepal defects

Question 10

What can macroglossia impact?

Answer 10

Impact speech and swallowing

Question 11

What percentage of babies with down syndrome have sepal defects?

Answer 11

50%

Question 12

What are the negative impacts of having a sepal defect?

Answer 12

Allows for the mixing of blood of the heart

Mixing of:
Oxygenated blood= Left
Deoxygenated blood= Right

Atrial sepal defects- NOT serious

Ventricle sepal defects- SERIOUS
- Rare
-Surgery
- Are the pumping chambers of the heart

Question 13

How often does Patau syndrome (trisomy 13) occur ?

Answer 13

1 in every 10,000 live births

Question 14

What are the physical defects of Patau syndrome?

Answer 14

Incomplete brain development

Missing eyes

Cleft Palate

Question 15

How many cells are there in the humans body?

Answer 15

50 Trillion

Question 16

What are the building blocks for DNA?

Answer 16

Nucleotides

Question 17

What is the shape of DNA?

Answer 17

double helix (twisted ladder)

Question 18

Where is DNA found?

Answer 18

found wrapped around histone proteins

Question 19

What happens when DNA prepares to divide?

Answer 19

Wound up very tightly

Question 20

What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum have?

Answer 20

ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis

Question 21

What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum have?

Answer 21

NO ribosomes
Sight of lipid synthesis

Question 22

Where is the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 22

cytoplasm

between the nuclear envelope and the plasma membrane

Question 23

What is cytosol?

Answer 23

mixture of water, salts, sugars amino acids and growth factors

Question 24

Where is cytosol found?

Answer 24

ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
lysosomes
mitochondria

Question 25

What does the nucleolus synthesis?

Answer 25

rRNA Leaves the nucleus via the nuclear pores before being assembled into ribosomes within the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 26

What is the Golgi Body?

Answer 26

specialised region of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 27

What are the functions of the Golgi Body?

Answer 27

It receives proteins from the rough ER and "refines" them; usually by adding sugar residues (glycosylation) packages material to export out of the cell It packages digestive enzymes termed lysosomes

Question 28

What are the roles of lysosomes?

Answer 28

Digestive enzyme-bud off the Golgi apparatus and digest material within cells Intracellular digestion-lysosomes are responsible for discharging their enzymes to kill and break down the pathogen.

Question 29

What is the role of the mitochondria?

Answer 29

responsible for cellular respiration Inner membrane- cristae metabolism- site where oxygen is reacted with glucose to release energy ATP released- during metabolism Mitochondria DNA replication

Question 30

What is the structure of the Plasma membrane?

Answer 30

phospholipid bilayer Proteins-receptors and channel proteins glycocalyx- sugar allows cells to recognise each other and non-self materials such as bacteria and virsues

Question 31

What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

Answer 31

holds the cell together regulates the movement of material into and out of the cell (membrane transport) cell signalling (via receptors) cell recognition

Question 32

How do lipid soluble molecules pass the plasma membrane?

Answer 32

Simple diffusion

Question 33

What is an example of a Non-motile extension?

Answer 33

Microvilli- increase the surface area for absorption within the gastrointestinal tract

Question 34

What is an example of a Motile extension?

Answer 34

cilia (hair-like projections) move material such as mucus and flagella- found in spermatozoa propel the spermatozoa by rhythmic whip-like movements

Question 35

What is Phagocytosis?

Answer 35

Cell eating