Cell Metabolism

Question 1

What are nutrients important for?

Answer 1

Growth, maintenance and repair

Question 2

What are 6 essential nutrients?

Answer 2

Vitamins, minerals, water, proteins, fats and carbohydrates

Question 3

What do carbohydrates broken down into?

Answer 3

Glucose

Question 4

What are proteins broken down into?

Answer 4

amino acids

Question 5

What are fats and oils broken down into?

Answer 5

Fatty acids

Question 6

What is the metabolic function of the liver

Answer 6

To convert one type of food molecule into another

Question 7

In the cell, what is glucose broken down to make?

Answer 7

ATP

Question 8

What do cells need to carry out metabolic reactions?

Answer 8

oxygen- lungs
other materials- digestive tract

Question 9

What do chemical reactions provide?

Answer 9

every to maintain homeostasis
preform essential functions

Question 10

what do molecules produced by anabolism help with?

Answer 10

growth
structural maintenance and repairs
secretions
build nutrient reserves

Question 11

What is phenylketonuria (PKU)

Answer 11

inability to convert amino acids
results in abnormal presence of phenylketone in urine

Question 12

What is malnutrition?

Answer 12

Lack of calories, proteins, vitamins and minterals

Question 13

what are the signs of malnutrition?

Answer 13

sunken eyes
thin and bony face
ribs visible
thin muscles and fat
no oedema

Question 14

What are the symptoms of kwashiorkor (protein deficiency)

Answer 14

swollen abdomen
muscle wasting
change in hair texture/ colour
change in skin pigmentation
physical and mental retardation

Question 15

What conditions increase loss of nutrients?

Answer 15

Diarrhoea- reduced absorption of nutrients
Haemorrhage- loss of nutrients in blood
malabsorption- failure to absorb nutrients

Question 16

What conditions reduce nutrient intake?

Answer 16

Anorexia- reduced motivation to eat
cachexia- cancer appetite loss
tooth problems- difficulty chewing

Question 17

What conditions increase the use of nutrients by the body?

Answer 17

Infection-increased immune activity
Burns- loss of nutrients by damaged tissue
Fever- increased temperature and metabolic rate (increase nutrient catabolism

Question 18

Where are nutrients absorbed from?

Answer 18

small intestine to the liver

Question 19

How to fatty acids reach the liver?

Answer 19

by the lymph system and then the bloodstream

Question 20

What is glucose stored as in the liver?

Answer 20

complex carbohydrate glycogen (provide energy)

Question 21

What are fatty acids used for in the liver?

Answer 21

used by muscles cells to supply energy

construct membranes

despatched to adipose tissue for storage at fat (insulation and energy reserve)

Question 22

What are amino acids used for in the liver?

Answer 22

manufacture proteins (in blood - plasma proteins)
growth and repair
remain in bloodstream for other cells to use

Question 23

What do vitamins assist in?

Answer 23

help enzymes to control metabolic processes

Question 24

Why are minerals needed?

Answer 24

enzyme function (bone formation)

Question 25

What vitamins dissolve in water?

Answer 25

B and C

Question 26

What vitamins dissolve in fat?

Answer 26

A, D , E and K

Question 27

What is ATP useful for?

Answer 27

energy source contains high-energy phosphate bonds

Question 28

What occurs in the catabolism of carbohydrates?

Answer 28

broken down into glucose (sugar) Provide ATP for body Cellular respiration

Question 29

What occurs in the catabolism of proteins?

Answer 29

Amino acids formed make new complex molecules (digestive enzymes, hormones, hair)

Question 30

What occurs in the catabolism of fats

Answer 30

form fatty acids and glycerol

Question 31

What 3 stages are involved in glucose catabolism?

Answer 31

Glycolysis, krebs cycle and the electron transport chain

Question 32

Where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 32

cytoplasm

Question 33

What is lactic acidosis?

Answer 33

build up of lactate in muscles by liver and kidney causes imbalance in body pH levels

Question 34

What are the symptoms of lactic acidosis?

Answer 34

fruity smelling breath, confusion, jaundice, trouble breathing, muscle cramps, pain, body weakness

Question 35

What is gluconeogenesis?

Answer 35

formation of glucose from proteins and fats fat catabolism- normal protein catabolism- if starving or little carbs eaten

Question 36

What can be converted to produce glucose?

Answer 36

glycerol, lactic acid, 60% of amino acids

Question 37

why is CoA condensed to ketone bodies?

Answer 37

to large to diffuse of out the plasma membrane, leave the liver and enter the bloodstream

Question 38

What happens in ketone bodies are in excess (untreated diabetes)?

Answer 38

acidosis (low blood pH) disorientation, coma, death