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Step 1 > microbio parasitology > Flashcards

microbio parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

giardia

A

bloating, flatulence, foul-smelling, fatty diarrhea (often seen in campers/hikers); transmitted by cysts in water; diagnose by trophozoites or cysts in stool; treat with metronidazole

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2
Q

entamoeba histolytica

A

cause of amebiasis; bloody diarrhea (dysentery), liver abscess (anchovy paste exudate), RUQ pain; histology shows flask-shaped ulcer; transmitted by cyst in water; dx in serology and/or trophozoites or cysts in the stool; treat with metronidazole (or iodoquinol for asymptomatic cyst passers)

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3
Q

cryptosporidium (DIFFERENT from cryptococcus)

A

severe diarrhea in AIDS; mild disease (watery diarrhea) in immunocompetent hosts; dx by oocytes on acid-fast stain; transmitted by oocysts in water; prevent by filtering city water supplies; treat with nitazoxanide in immunocompetent hosts

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4
Q

toxoplasma gondii

A

congenital toxo has classic triad of chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, and intracranial calcifications; reactivation in AIDS leads to brain abscess seen as ring enhancing lesions on CT/MRI; transmitted by cysts in meat, oocytes in cat feces (crosses placenta); diagnosis by serology, bx (tachyzoite); treat with sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine

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5
Q

naegleria fowleri

A

rapidly fatal meningitis; get by swimmin in freshwater lake; enters via cribiform plate; dx by amoebas in spinal fluid; treat with amphotericin B (but usually they die)

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6
Q

trypanosoma brucei

A

African sleeping sickness; enlarged lymph nodes, recurring feer, somnolence, coma; carried by the tsetse fly, a painful bite; dx on blood smear; treat with suramin fro blood-borne disease or melarsoprol for CNS penetration

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7
Q

plasmodium (vivax, ovale, falciparum, malariae)

A

malaria (fever, HA, anemia, splenomegaly); p.vivax/ovale has 48 hr cycle for fever, dormant form in liver; p. faliparium has severe disease, irreg fever patterns, parasitized RBCs occlude capillaries in brain (cerebral malaria), kidney, lungs; p. malariae has a 72 hr cycle for fever

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8
Q

p vivax/ovalle

A

48 hr fever

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9
Q

p. falciparum

A

irreg fever patterns

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10
Q

p. malariae

A

72 hours cycle patterns

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11
Q

how are the plasmodium transmitted

A

anopheles mosquito

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12
Q

how is malaria diagnosed?

A

blood smear showing trophozoite ring form within RBC, schizont containing merozoites; red granules throughout RBC cytoplasm seen in P. vivax/ovale

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13
Q

treatment of malaria

A

chloroquine (for sens species); if resistant, use mefloquine or atovaquone/proguanil

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14
Q

babesia

A

babesiosis (fever and hemolytic anemia; predominanlty in northeast US; asplenia increases risk of severe disease); transmitted by the Ixodes tick (so often coinfected with Lyme disease); bood smear shows ring form or maltese cross; treat with atovaquone and azithromycin

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15
Q

trypanosoma cruzi

A

Chagas disease (dilated cardiomyopathy with apical atrophy, megacolon, megaesoph predomnantly in south america); unilateral periorbital swelling characteristic of acute stage; transmitted by the Reduviid bug (kissing bug) feces, deposited in a painless bite (much like a kiss); diagnose on blood smear; treat with benznidazole or nifurtimox

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16
Q

leishmania donovani

A

Visceral leishmaniasis (spiking fevers, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia); sandfly; diagnose by macrophages containing amastigotes; treat with amphotericin B, sodium stibogluconate

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17
Q

trichomonas vaginalis

A

vaginitis (foul-smelling, greenish discharge; itching and burning); do not confuse with Gardnerella vaginalis (bacterium assoc with bacterial vaginosis); transmitted by sexual contact; diagnose by trophozoites on wet mount; “strawberry cervix”’ treat with metronidazole for patient and partner (prophylaxis)

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18
Q

what are the nematodes (roundworms)?

A

enterobius vermicularis (pinworm), ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm), strongyloides stercoralis, ancylostoma duodenale and necator americanus (hookworms), trichinella spiralis, onchocerca volvulus, loa loa, wuchereria bancrofti, toxocara canis

19
Q

enterobius vermiculars

A

fecal-oral transmission; intestinal infection causing anal pruritis (diagnosed by seeing egg on the tape test); treat with bendazoles

20
Q

ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm)

A

fecal-oral; eggs visible in feces under microscope; intestinal infection with possible obstruction at the ileocecal valve; treat with bendazoles

21
Q

strongyloides

A

larvae in soil penetrate the skin; intestinal infection causing vomitting, diarrhea, epigastric pain; treat ivermectin or bendazoles

22
Q

ancylostoma duodenale and necator americanus (hookworms)

A

transmitted by larvae penetrating the skin; intestinal infection causing anemia by sucking blood from the intestinal walls; treat with bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate

23
Q

trichinella spiralis

A

fecal-oral; undercooked meat (esp pork); intestinal infections; larvae enter the bloodstream and encyst in striated muscle cells (leading to inflamm of muscle); trichinosis is fever, vomiting, periorbital edema, myalgia; bendazoles

24
Q

onchocera volvulus

A

get from the female blackfly bite; causes hyperpigmented skin and river blindness; treat with ivermectin

25
Q

loa loa

A

get from the deer fly, horse fly, or mango fly; causes swelling in the skin, worm in conjunctiva; tx with diethylcarbamazine

26
Q

wuchereria bancrofti

A

get from the female mosquito; causes elephantiassis (worms block lymphatic vessels, takes 9 mos after bite to become symptomatic); treat wth diethylcarbamazine

27
Q

toxocara canis

A

fecal-oral; visceral larva migans; treat with bendazoles

28
Q

nematode (round worm) routes of infection

A

ingested are enteribius, ascaris, toxocara, trichinella; cutaneous are strongyloides, ancylostoma, necator; bites are loa loa, onchocerca volvulus, and w. bancrofti

29
Q

what are the cestodes (tapeworms)?

A

taenia solium, diphyllobathrium latum, echinococcus granulosus

30
Q

taenia solium

A

two types of infection; the first is from ingestion of the larvae in undercooked pork, which is an intestinal infection that is treated with praziquantel; the second is ingestion of eggs that causes cysticercosis and neurocystercicosis and is treated with praziquantel also but albendazole fro neurocysticercosis

31
Q

diphyllobothrium latum

A

get from ingestion of larvae from raw freshwater fish; causes a vit B12 def (tapeworm competes from B12 in intestine) leads to megaloblastic anemia; treat with praziquantel

32
Q

echinococcus granulosus

A

ingestion of eggs from dog feces (sheep are intermediate host); causes hydatid cysts in liver, causing anaphylaxis if antigens released (so the cyst must be injected with ethanol or hypertonic saline to kill daughter cysts before removal); treat with albendazole

33
Q

what are the trematodes (flukes)?

A

schistosoma and clonorchis senensis

34
Q

schistosoma

A

snails are host; penetrate skin of humans; liver and spleen enlargment (s. mansoni), fibrosis and inflamation; chronic infection with s. haematobium can lead to squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder (painloess hematuria) and pulmonary hypertension; treat with praziquantel

35
Q

clonorchis sinensis

A

get from undercooked fish; biliary tract inflamm leads to pigmented gallstones; assoc w cholangiocarcinoma; treat with praziquantel

36
Q

parasite assoc with biliary tract disease, cholangiocarcinoma

A

clonorchis sinensis

37
Q

parasite assoc with brain cysts and seizures

A

taenia solium

38
Q

parasite assoc with hematuria, squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder

A

schistosoma haematobium

39
Q

parasite assoc with liver (hydatid) cysts

A

echinococcus granulosus

40
Q

parasite assoc with microcytic anemia

A

ancylostoma, necator

41
Q

parasite assoc with myalgias, periorbital edema

A

trichinella spiralis

42
Q

parasite assoc with perianal pruritis

A

enterobius

43
Q

parasite assic with portal hypertension

A

schisto mansoni, schisto japonicum

44
Q

parasite assoc with vit B12 def

A

diphyllobothrium latum

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