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Step 1 > Microbio Basic Bacteriology2 > Flashcards

Microbio Basic Bacteriology2 Flashcards

1
Q

Ziehl-Neelsen stain

A

Acid fast bacteria (nocardia, mycobacteria), protozoa (cypto oocytes)

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2
Q

India ink stains what?

A

crypto neoformans (mucicarmine can also be used)

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3
Q

Silver stain is good for what?

A

fungi (pneumocystis), legionella, and h. pylori

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4
Q

Best media for H. influenza culture

A

chocolate agar

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5
Q

best media for Neisseria (gonorrhea and meningitidis) cx

A

thayer-martin agar (vanc, trimethoprim, colisin, and nystatin)

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6
Q

best cx for bordatella pertussis cx

A

Bordet-gengou agar (made of potato)

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7
Q

best cx medium for c. diptheriae

A

tellurite agar, loffler medium

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8
Q

best cx for m. tuberculosis

A

Lowenstein-jensen agar

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9
Q

best cx medium for mycloplasma pneumoniae

A

eaton agar (requires cholesterol)

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10
Q

best cx for e coli

A

EMB agar

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11
Q

best cx medium for lactose-fermenting enterics

A

macconkey agar (ferentaton produces acid, causing colonies to turn pink)

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12
Q

best cx for legionella

A

charcoal yest extract agar buffered with cysteine and iron

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13
Q

best cx medium for fungi

A

sabouraud agar (“Sab’s a fun guy!”)

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14
Q

pseudomonas, nocardia, and mycobacterium are all?

A

aerobes

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15
Q

fusobacterium, clostridium, bacteroides, and actinomyces are all what?

A

anaerobes (generally foul smelling, difficult to cx, and produce gas in tissue)

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16
Q

obligate intracellular bugs

A

rickettsia, chlamydia, coxiella

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17
Q

facultative intracellular bugs

A

salmonella, neisseria, brucella, mycobacterium, listeria, francisella, legionell, yersinia pestis

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18
Q

encapsulated bacteria

A

strep pneumo, HIB, neisseria meningitidis, e. coli, salmonella, klebsiella pneumoniae, and group b strep

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19
Q

urease positive organisms

A

cryptococcus, h. pylori, proteus, ureaplasma, nocardia, klebsiella, s. epidermis, staph saprophyticus; “CHuck norris hates PUNKSS”

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20
Q

catalase pos organisms

A

people with chronic granulomatous disease (NADPH oxidase def) hav recurrent infections w certain catalase pos organisms; nocardia, pseudomonas, listeria, aspergillus, candida, e. coli, staphylococci, seratia; “Cats need PLACESS to hide”

21
Q

pigment producing bacteria

A

actinomyces israelii is yellow’ staph aureus is yellow; pseudomonas is blue/green; serratia marcescens is red

22
Q

protein A

A

expressed by staph aureus; bind sthe Fc region of IgG; prevents opsonization an dphagocytosis

23
Q

IgA protease

A

enzyme that cleaves IgA; secreted by strep pneumo, Hib and Neisseria in order to colonize the respiratory mucosa

24
Q

M protein

A

helps prevent phagocytosis; expressed by group a strep; possibly underlies the autoimmune response seen in acute rheumatic fever

25
Q

Type III secretion system

A

aka “injectisome”; needle-like protein appendage facilitating direct delivery of toxins from certain GN bacteria to eukaryotic host cell

26
Q

exo versus endotoxin

A

endotoxins are expresed on the outer cell membrane of most gram neg bacteria as lipopolysaccharides; exotoxins are secreted by certain gram pos and gram negs;

27
Q

bacteria with exotoxins

A

corynebacterium diptheriae, pseudomonas, shigella, EHEC, ETEC,, bacillus anthracis, vibrio cholerae, bordatella pertussis, c. tetani,c. botulinum, c. perfringens, strep pyogenes, staph aureus

28
Q

corynebacterium diptheriae exotoxin characteristics

A

called the “diptheria toxin”; inactivates elongation factor EF-2; causes pharyngitis with pseudomembranes in the throat ad severe lymphadenopathy (bull’s neck)

29
Q

pseudomonas exotoxin

A

called “Exotoxin A”; it inactivates EF-2; causes host cell death

30
Q

shigella exotoxin

A

“shiga toxin”; inactivates 60S ribosome; causes GI mucosal damage leading to dysentery; the shiga toxin also enhances cytokine release causing HUS

31
Q

EHEC exotoxin

A

shiga-like toxin; inactivates the 60S ribosome; enhances cytoine release causing HUS, esp serotype EHEC 0157:H7; unlike shigella, EHEC does not invade host cells

32
Q

ETEC exotoxin

A

there is the heat labile toxin (increaes chloride secretion in gut and water efflux) and heat stable toxin (decreases resorption of NaCl and water in the gut); both toxins cause watery diarrhea

33
Q

b. anthracis toxin

A

“edema toxin”; likely responsible for characteristic edematous borders of black eschar in cutaneous anthrax

34
Q

vibrio cholera exotoxin

A

“cholera toxin”; increases secretion in gut and water efflux; causes voluminous rice water diarrhea

35
Q

bordatella pertussis toxin

A

“pertussis toxin”; impairs phagocytosis to permit survival of the microbe; cause of whooping cough

36
Q

clostridium tetani toxin

A

tetanospasmin; it is a protease that cleaves SNARE, which is required for neurotransmitter release; causes spasticity, risus sadonicus and lockjaw; toxin prevents release of inhibitory nts from Renshaw cells in spinal cord

37
Q

clostridium botulinum

A

botulinum toxin; protease that cleaves SNARE; causes flaccid paralysis, floppy baby; toxin prevents release of stimulatory (Ach) signals at NMJs

38
Q

clostridium perfringens exotoxin

A

“alpha toxin”; phospholipase that degrades tissue and cell membrane; you get gas gangrene and hemolysis (“double zone “ of hemolysis on blood agar)

39
Q

strep pyogenes exotoxin

A

Streptolysin O; protein that degrades the cell membrane; lyses RBCs; contributes to beta hemolysis; host antbodies against toxin (ASO) used to dx rheumatic fever

40
Q

what organisms can produce superantigens causing toxic shock syndrome?

A

staph aureus (fever, rash, shock, scaeded skin syndrome and food poisoning); strep pyogenes (fever, rash, shock)

41
Q

endotoxin

A

LPS found on the outer membrane of gram neg bacteria (both cocci and rods)

42
Q

how does the endotoxin work?

A

activates macrophages (which produce IL-1, TNF-a, nitric oxide); activates complement (C3a, C5a) and activates tissue facto (coag cascade to DIC)

43
Q

transformation

A

a bacteria’s ability to take up naked DNA from the environment (aka “competence”). A feature of many bacteria, esp strep pneumo, HIB and Neisseria

44
Q

Conjugation F+xF-

A

F+ plasmid contains the genes reqd for sex pilus and conjugation. Bacteria without this plasmid are F-. Sex pilus on F+ contacts the F- and a single strand of plasmid DNA is transferred across theconjugal bridge. No transfer of chromosomal DNA

45
Q

Conjugation Hfr x F-

A

F+ plasmid can become incorporated into bacterial chromosomal DNA, termed high-freq recombination (Hfr) cell. Transfer of plasmid and chromosomal genes

46
Q

Transposition

A

segment of DNA (transposon) that can jump from one location to another. Can transfer genes from plasmid to chromosome and vice versa; can include flanking chromosomal DNA that is transferred to another bacterium

47
Q

generalized transduction

A

lytic phage infects the bacterium and parts of bacteral chromosomal DNA may become packaged in viral capsid. Page infects another bacterium, transferring these genes

48
Q

specialized transduction

A

an excision event in which phage infect bacterium and viral DNA incorportates into bacterial chrom. When phage DNA is excised, flanking bacterial genes may be excised with it. DNA s packaged into pahage viral capsid and can infect other bacterium

49
Q

Genes for which 5 bacterial toxins are encoded in a lysogenic phage?

A

ABCDE; ShigA like toxin, botulinum toxins, cholera, diptheria, erythrogenic toxin of strep pyogenes

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