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Intro Microbio > Microbio of Water > Flashcards

Microbio of Water Flashcards

1
Q

percent of the earth that is covered in water

A

71

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2
Q

how much water (%) do the oceans hold

A

96.5

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3
Q

light will penetrate to ta max depth of ____ know as the

A

300m, photic zone

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4
Q

halotolerant

A

high salinity

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5
Q

75% of the ocean is deeper than ____

A

1000m

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6
Q

pressure at 11km below surface

A

1100 atmospheres

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7
Q

constant temperature below 100m

A

2-3 degrees C

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8
Q

oligotrophic

A

relatively poor in plant nutrients , poor primary productivity, lack of nutrients, P, N

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9
Q

the open ocean is ____

A

oligotrophic , temperatures are more constant than areas closer to shore

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10
Q

in some regions, wind and ocean currents cause an upwelling of water form _____

A

ocean floor that brings nutrients to the surface

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11
Q

bulk of primary productivity comes from

A

prochlorophytes (tiny phototrophs phylogenetically related to the cyanobactreria

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12
Q

general adaptations seen in pelagic (open ocean) microorganisms

A
  • reduced size

- high affinity transport systems

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13
Q

Trichodesmium

A

-Filamentaous cyanobacteria
-contains phycobilins
nitrogen fixing

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14
Q

Trichodesmium blooms

A

sea sawdust/ straw

scene on ferries

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15
Q

primary producers in coastal waters

A

algae and cyanobacteria

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16
Q

nutrient content in coastal waters

A

Eutrophic - high nutrients bc of influx from rivers ( excess nitrogen from agricultural runoff)

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17
Q

red tides

A

dinoflagellates, caused by eutrophication

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18
Q

between 300 and 1000 m what happens

A

chemoheterotrophs degrade organic matter that falls from the photic zones

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19
Q

below 1000 m

A

organic carbon is very scarce (oligotrophic), no light

- ones that survive have to be : psychophilic, basophilic, barotolerant

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20
Q

Tube worms

A

symbiosis with sulfur oxidizing chemoautotrophs. tube worms trap and transport nutrients to bacterial symbionts ( hydrothermal vents )

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21
Q

oligotrophic lakes

A

N and P are limiting, so primary production is low and therefore availability of organic matter( dead primary producers) is low
O2 remains high
oxygen saturated
lake remains aerobic even at deep depths and organic matter is degraded completely

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22
Q

Eutrophic lake ( nutrient rich)

A

algae blooms, availability of organic matter (dead primary producers) is high
- rapid growth of chemoheterotrophs, rapid depletion of dissolved oxygen ( they are using it )
- low O2
-anaerobic zones are created
poor light penetration
health risk: pathogens, blooms, toxins

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23
Q

bottom sediment of Eutrophic lake

A

bottom sediments are anaerobic and plenty of dead primary producers (organic matter) so denitrifies, methanogens and sulphate reducers thrive!
- can give the water a bad odor and lack of O2 and presence of H2S may kill fish and other aerobic organisms

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24
Q

Anaerobic zones may develop as a result from

A

summer stratification ( lakes become thermally stratified- (arranged or classified into different groups- ex, epilimnion, thermocline, hypolimnion

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25
Q

Epilimnion

A

the upper warmer layer in a stratified lake

- less dense and aerobic

26
Q

Hypolimnion

A

the colder bottom layer in a stratified lake

27
Q

Thermocline

A

sone of rapid temperature change in between the epilimnion and hypolimnion layers of a stratified lake

28
Q

when does mixing of lake s occur

A

spring and winter

29
Q

rivers ensure that organic matter is ___

A

degraded effectively ( no fermentation , no H2S production )

30
Q

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

A

used as a measure of the extent of pollution by organic matter

31
Q

in areas of high pollution BOD is

A

high

  • water tend to be anaerobic
  • sewage is rich in organic matter
  • microorganisms oxidize organic matter (pollution) using dissolved oxygen ( so biochemical oxygen demand is an indicator of the amount of pollution )
32
Q

biofilms

A

microbial cells embedded inside an extracellular matrix

  • mixed species
  • cells inside the biofilm are more resistant to stresses than planktonic (free living cells0
33
Q

Water born pathogens grow where?

A

most grow in intestine and than passed through water

34
Q

Shigella

A

bacterial dysentery (infection in the intestine resulting in severe diharria)

35
Q

Bacterial water borne pathogens (4)

A

Salmonella typhi and spp
Cholerae
Shigella
Campylobacter

36
Q

Water born pathogenic protozoa

A

Entamoeba histolytica
Gairdia lambia
Cryptospordium parvum

37
Q

Giardia lambia

G. lambia

A

backpackers disease/beaver fever
- beavers and muskrats are common carrier
drink water - fever and chronic diharria

38
Q

Crypt-o-sporidium par-vum

c. parvum

A

no reliable treatment
- present in 90% sewage samples, 75% river waters
diharria
-dangerous for immunocompromised individuals

39
Q

both G. lamb and C.parvum form _____

A

cysts that are resisted tot a number of disinfectants, including chlorine

40
Q

C. parvum are not removed by filtration in water plants why?

A

too small

41
Q

Two indicators in water quality control

A

Coliform –> gram- neg, facultative aerobic, non-spore forming, ferment lactose with gas formation within 48 hours ( not all in intestinal orgin)
fecal coliforms- derived from the intestine ( can grown at 44, thermotolerant )

42
Q

what temperature can fecal coliform grow at

A

44, thermotolerant

43
Q

fecal coliforms in water indicate

A

unsafe to drink

44
Q

the absence of fecal coliforms indicate

A

not that it is safe, bc cysts could still be present

45
Q

Most probable number (MPN)

A

test for coliforms
- samples are added to lactose broth if gas produced = positive
use stats table to estimate MPN of coliform in original sample
preemptive test- more needed

46
Q

membrane filtration

- Eosin-methylene blue medium is ______ and ______ for _______ bacteria

A

test large number of water (100ml )

  • coliforms and fecal coliforms
  • eosin-methylene blue medium is selective and differential for lactose- fermenting bacteria
47
Q

Steps in water treatment

A

1) sedimentation
2) Flocculation treatment ( chemical coagulation )
3) Filtration
4) Disinfection

48
Q

Flocculatin treatment (chemical coagulation)

A 
a flocculating ( to cause the forming of small clumps) chemical is added 
-80% of bacteria, colour and particles are removed
49
Q

filtration

A

through sand

  • any remaining G. lamb cysts are removed
  • 98-99% bacteria is removed
50
Q

Disinfection

A

chlorination
- chlorine is very creative in water and forms strong oxidizing agents – kills remains microorganism and neutralizes most chemicals

51
Q

residual chlorine

A

amount left in water to protect during distribution system

52
Q

ozone

A

more effective than chlorine but very short half-life

53
Q

quality control in Montreal

A

less than 10 coliforms/ 100ml

les than 1 fecal coliform/ 100ml

54
Q

Wastewater sewage treatment plan - primary treatment

A

primary- produces primary sludge, reduces BOD to 25-40% and bacteria 25-75%, can be discharge into waterway or go through secondary treatment

55
Q

secondary treatment

A

trickling filter - wastewater from primary treatment is sprayed over bed of rock - biofilms form , coating th surface and oxidize the organic matter present, reduces BOD
Activated sludge- air is blown through the liquid from primary treatment, slime forming bacteria grow and clump to form activated sludge that oxidize the organic matter than slugs removed

56
Q

trickling filter

A

liquid sprayed over bed of rock, biofilms created, removed microorganism, BOD reduced

57
Q

Activated sludge

A

air blown through, slime forming bacteria ground clump into activated sludge , than removed , reduced BOD and bacteria growth

58
Q

what do they do with the sludge

A

subjected to anaerobic conditions and micro bacteria

CH4 produced can be used for energy

59
Q

tertiary treatment

A

further reduces BOD bacteria and N and P concentrations

60
Q

the final liquid effluent that comes may be suitable for drinking ? T/F

A

true

61
Q

Septic tank

A

minimal treatment of sewage

  • BOD reduced 60%
  • effluent flows to leaching field ( still contains 10000 coliforms

Intro Microbio (18 decks)

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