Micro of Animals Flashcards

1
Q

commensals

A

microorganisms found on the bodies of healthy animals/people

  • residents ( skin, mouth, colon)
  • can do no harm, be beneficial or be parasitism
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2
Q

disease vs infection

A
disease= damage or injury to the host that impairs host function 
infection= situation in which microorganism is established and growing in a host, causing damage
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3
Q

pathogenicity

A

the ability of a parasite to inflict damage to host

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4
Q

virulence

A

measure of pathogenicity

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5
Q

opportunist pathogen

A

causes disease only in the absence of normal host resistance

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6
Q

phylogenetic studies suggest that herbivory has evolved _____ in many different lineages

A

independently

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7
Q

GIT of herbivores

A

live on plants – cellulose and other insoluble polysaccharides

  • lack the enzyme cellulase
  • microorganisms degrade cellulose and other fiber to give host nutrients (mutualism) in either hind or fore gut
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8
Q

2 digestive stragegies have evolved in herbivorous animals

A
  • foregut fermentation: fermentation chamber precedes (comes before) the acidic stomach
  • Hindgut fermentation: uses cecum and large intestine as fermentation chambers
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9
Q

foregut fermentors

A

ruminants, monkeys

- fermentation chamber before stomach

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10
Q

handgun fermetors

A

rabbits, horses

- fermentation chamber after the small intestine

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11
Q

the rumen of ruminant animals

A

rumen- foregut fermentation chamber in ruminant animals

food is chewed minimally, swallowed and passes to rumen

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12
Q

rumen condition in cows

A

100-150L
39-40 degrees
5-7 pH
anaerobic environment (fermentation)

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13
Q

how is pH in rumen maintained

A

by saliva which contains sodium bicarbonate

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14
Q

only a small proportion of the microorganism in the rumen produce ______. and as such fermentation is mediated by?

A

cellulases.

mediated by cellulytic microbes which break down cellulose into glucose and cellobiose (then available to all other microbes)

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15
Q

sugars in gut get fermented by microbes and produce?

A

volatile FA: acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid

methane and CO2

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16
Q

where do the FA pass and what are they used for?

A

through the rumen wall and into the bloodstream and used as the animals main energy source

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17
Q

overall stiochiomentry of rumen fermentation

A

57 glucose–> [65 acetate, 20 propionate, 15 butyrate] + 60 CO2, 35 CH4 and 25 H2O

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18
Q

which ones are the rumen microorganisms?

A

Ciliated protozoa, bacteria, archaea, methanogens (300-400 species)

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19
Q

Methanogens

A

strict anaerobes that produce methane from H and CO2 or acetate (CH3COOH)

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20
Q

acetate used by methanogens is not available to the ___

A

host

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21
Q

up to ___ % of energy value of the feed can be lost as CH4

A

10%

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22
Q

what compound is added to feed to reduce CH4 production

A

Monensin (inhibits methanogenesis)

23
Q

explain what happens after several hours in the rumen

A

small portions are regurgitated, well chewed and then res wallowed. other portions get collected by the reticulum and moved to the omasum, where execs water is collected. then material goes to stomach (abomasum)

24
Q

the mass of microbial cells that grow on the food are subjected to digestion, bc they then pass onto the small intestine and serve as a major source of ?

A

AA and vitamins

are tis the ones that were in the rumen?

25
Q

what happens with non-ruminant herbivores

A

no rumen, so fermentation happens in the caecum

26
Q

the microbial mass that grows on the cellulose are not digested, they are___-

A

excreted

27
Q

what is the difference in ruminant herbivory and non-ruminant in terms of dietary requirements?

A

non-rum need more AA and vitamins —> bc microbial mass is not digested in non-rum
- rabbits get around this by eating their faecal matter

28
Q

termites- anoxic environment in gut

A

decompose cellulose and hemicellulose

- have diverse anaerobic bacteria and celluloyti protists

29
Q

Cefdinir

A

antibiotic to treat infection– produced int body?? after cow milk start in babies??

30
Q

epimeric is composed of

A

living inner layer, dead outer c=layer

31
Q

Sebaceous glands, apocrine sweat glands

A

secrete sweat and salt- secretion are slightly acidic and have antimicrobial properties

32
Q

dead layer

A

prevents micro penetration

33
Q

ducts that carry secretions are colonize by only a select few ___ species

A

gram - positive

34
Q

normal microbiome secretes

A

bacteriocin

35
Q

Actinobacteria

A

51 % gram-p on skin

36
Q

teeth consist of

A

mineral (enamel) surrounding living tissue (dentin and pulp)

37
Q

how do bacteria colonize tooth surfaces

A

attach to acidic glycoproteins deposited there by saliva

38
Q

streptococcus mutans

A

lots of growth of microorganisms (especially streptococcus) result in dental plaque. In the presence of sugar, streptococcus mutant synthesize extracellular polysaccharides(dextran) that aid in the attachment to the tooth surface–> form an ECM (extracellular matrix)

39
Q

as plaque begins to grow____ bacterial species grow

A

anaerobic

40
Q

the various microorganisms plaque—> S. mutant and various lactobacilli- ferment sucrose and process

A

lactic acid that demineralizes the tooth enamel ( solubilizes calcium )

41
Q

microorganisms in the human colon are mostly

A

strict anaerobes or facultative aerobes: bactericides, enteric bacteria, yeast, anaerobic protoza

42
Q

methanogens are found in ___ of humans intestine tract

A

1/3

43
Q

what are responsible for the smell in GIT

A

organosulfur compounds (methanethiol)

44
Q

intestinal microorganisms benefit the host by producing

A
  • ferment VFA –> produce gas CO2 and H2

AA, Vitamins B, K, thiamine riboflavin

45
Q

obese mice had more ___

A

methanogens

  • high H2 retards fermentation ( in lean mice)
  • low H2 promotes fermentation in obese mice (more VFA and nutrients to host??) this is bad???
46
Q

3 common in respiratory tract

A

streptococci, staohyoccocci and cornyebacteria

47
Q

lower res track was once considered??

A

free of microorganisms

- now not the case, but still low biomass

48
Q

genitourinary tract and urinary tract are generally free of microorganism due to flushing of

A

urine

49
Q

Hormones control the ____ concentration of the vaginal epithelium

A

glycogen concentrations

50
Q

microorganism degrade glycogen and produce ____

A

and produce lactic acid which reduces the pH of the vaginal tract tot 4.5

51
Q

when are glycogen levels highest in the vaginal tract

A

sexually mature - acidic environment

52
Q

main microbial flora that differs in sexual active female in the vaginal tract

A

lactobacilli—> make lactic acid – lowers pH

53
Q

steril zones

A
blood, spinal fluid
gut cavity (peritoneal cavity
Pleural cavity
sinuses
interior region of body tissues