Microbio-bac Flashcards
What consititutes a gram positive bacteria
Thick, multilayered, peptodoglucan cell wall exterior to the membrane
What constitutes a gram negative bacteria
Has an outer membrane and inner cytoplasmic membrane
-peptidoglycan layer in between
-Outer layer distinguished by the presence of various embedded lipopolysaccharides
What are examples of beta lactam antibiotics and what do they target
penicillin and cephalosporins
-inhibit enzymes that catalyze traspeptidation and carboxypeptidation reactions in cell wall cross linking assembly
What are other antibacterials that limit cell wall synthesis
Bacitracin
Cycloserine
Vancomyocin (only gram pos)
What are the main two Gram Pos Cocci
Staphylococci
Streptococci
What are the main pathology of staphylococcus aureus
Usually impacts organism thru a break in the skin or insertion of a foreign body
What are the mc staphylococci aureus complications
Localized skin inf
Deep localized inf (osteomyelitis, septic arthritis)
Acute Endocarditis (IV drug use)
Staphylococcal gastroenteritis
What are some important streptococci to know (2)
(gram pos)
Streptococcus pyogenes
Streptococcus pneumonia
What are 3 common complications of a streptoccocus pyogenes inf
Acute pharyngitis- (strep throat), Characterized by purulent inflammation of tonsilar area
Impetigo- typically in children, causes lesions on the face/limbs
Acute rheumatic fever- 2/3 weeks after inf, cases by run bw antigens of heart and joint tissues
What are some common complications of strep pneumoniae (3)
Acute bac pneumonia
Otis media
Meningitis (MC cause)
What are the important gram pos rods (3)
Cornybacterium diptqheria
Bacillus anthracis
Listeria monocytogenes
What does corynebacterium diphtheriae cause
acute respiratory/ cutaneous disease
- Upper respiratory- grey exudate at back of throat
- Cutaneous diphtheria- puncture wound may create a non healing ulcer with grey membrane
What does bacillus anthracis cause (2)
- Cutaneous Anthrax- mc, papule forms and evolves into a malignant pustule, which may invade nearby lymph nodes leading to fatal septicaemia
- Pulmonary Anthrax- Inhaling of spores causing progressive hemorrhagic lymphadenitis
What is listeria monocytogenes found in and what complications does it cause
usually food borne (dairy products)
-septicamia and meningitis are the mc reported in pregnant women and may pass it onto their new-born at birth causing newborn meningitis
What are the 2 most important Neisseriae
Neisseriae gonorrhoea
Neisseria meningitides
What does Neusseria gonorrhoea cause (2)
(mc reported infectious disease)
1.GI- Presents with yellow, purulent urethral discharge and painful urination (can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease)
- Pharygitis- similar to strep throat, purulent exudate
What does neisseria meningitidis cause (2)
- Meningitis
- Septicaemia- characterized by large, purple blotchy skin hemorrhages, vomitting, diarrhea
What are the GI gram negative rods (7)
E coli
Salmonella enterica
Camplyobacter jejune
Shigella
Vibrios Cholerae
Yersinia enterocolitica
Helicobacter pylori
What are the main things that E coli cause
- Enterootoxigenic Ecoli (ETEC)
- Enteropathic Ecoli (EPEC)
3.Enterohemorrhagic Ecoli (EHEC) - UTI
- Neonatal Meningitis
What does Enterotoxigenic ecoli (ETEC) cause
mc form of travellers diarrhea which causes watery diarrhea
what does enteropathic ecoli cause (EPEC)
causes diarrhea of infants
What does enterohemorrhagic ecoli cause
severe bloody diarrhoea and may also cause renal failure
what is the mc cause of meningitis within first month of life
Neonatal meningitis caused by E coli
What are the 2 diseases that salmonella enterica causes
Gastroenteritis- characterized by nausea, vomitting, diarrhea
Enteric typhoid fever- severe life threatening, which includes chills, HA, sore throat, cough
What does campylobacter jejune cause
Intestinal and extraintestinal distress- causes acute enteritis and symptoms are both systemic and intestinal
What does Shigella causes (+how)
An exotoxin (shiga toxin) causes dysentery and painful abdominal cramping
What does Vibrios Cholera cause + why
From contaminated water + food
-Cholera- massive loss of fluid and electrolytes
What does yersinia enterocolitica cause
Enterocolitis- results in ulcerative lesions in terminal ileum
What does helicobacter cause and symptoms
Ulcers- may occur in both stomach and duodenum which results in pain immediately after eating and a few hours after eating respectfully
What are other important gram neg rods (4)
H. Influenza
Bordella pertussis
Legionella Pneumophila
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
What does H. Influenzae cause
Meningitis- leading cause of bac meningitis, primarily in infants + young children
What does bordella pertussis cause (+ two stages)
whooping cough
Catarrhal Phase- Non specific symptoms such as rhinorrhea, mild conjunctival inf, malaise etc
Paroxysmal phase- whooping cough here, may also be cyanotic and vomit
What are the 2 things that Legionella pneumophilia can cause
(mc inf from inhalation)
- Legionnaires Disease- Acute lobar pneumonia with myltisystem symptoms
- Pontiac fever- influenza like that infects healthy indv that usually resolves in one week
What is pseudomonas aeruginosa and what does it cause (2)
-very opportunistic inf
- Localized inf- may occur in eye (keratitis), Ear (external otitis), Skin (sepsis), Respiratory (pneumonia), GI, CNS
- Systemic inf- IV drug users
What are the main Clostridium (+ anaerobic rods)-4
Clostridium Perfrigenges
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium Tetani
Clostrudium Difficile
What is clostridium perfringes and what can it cause (2)
-usually normal flora of the vagina + GI
myonecrosis (gas gangrene)- spores introduced by infected soil which causes fermentation of carbs
Food poisoning
What does clostridium botulism cause (+ two type)
(neurotoxin in medical aesthetics)
Classic- food poisoning in which a patient first begins to experience difficulties in focusing vision, swallowing + eventually respiratory paralysis
Infant- floppy baby syndrome, usually from honey contaminated
What is clostridium tetani
Tetanus- presents as spastic paralysis and patient may also have convulsions or spasms and death may occur due to paralysis of respiratory mm
what does clostridium difficile cause
usually causes diarrhea
-diarrhea to inflammation of the L intestine
what are the major spirochetes (4)
Taponema pallidum
Borrelia burgdorferi
Borrelia recurrentis
Leptospira Interrogans
What does Treponema Pallidum cause
causative adjent for syphilis
What are the 3 stages of syphilis
1- hard genital or oral ulcer
2- red maculopapular rash on any part of the body + hep, meningitis or nephritis
3- Degen of CNS and cardio systems
What is Borrelia burgdorferi and what does it cause
Causative agent for lyme disease
-causes bulls eye rash (erythema chonicum migraines)
What is borrelia recurrentis responsible for
Relapsing fever- abrupt onset of high fever, severe headaches, muscle pain and general malaise
Leptosira interrrogans causes what and symptoms
Causes leptospirosis
-Fever occurs one to two weeks after infection and then decreases
What does mycoplasma pneumonia cause and ss
Primary atypical pneumonia- lower respiratory tract inf
What are the chlamydiae inf (3)
Chlamydia trochomatis
Chlymydia psittacosaurus
Clymydia Pneumonie
What are the 3 types Chlamydia trachomais
- Nongonococal urethritis- females may present w cervicitis/urtehtritis, in men in epidydimys
- Lymphogranuloma venereum- More invasive, transient lesions on genitalia, may block lymphatic drainage if untx
- Trachoma- causes chronic keratoconjunctivitis
Chlymdia Psittaci
Causes psittacosis which comes from inhaling infected feces from birds
What is chlymydia pneumonia
Causes pharyngitis sometimes followed by laryngitis/bronchitis or interstitial pneumonia
What are the important mycobacterium (2)
Mycobacterium TB- cause TB
Mycobacterium Laprae- Leprosy - choleric granulomatous condition of the peripheral nerves and mucsculocutaneous tissues to form large maculae on the skin
What does actinomycetes Israeli cause
causes the opportunistic infection called actionmyocsis
-chronic suppurative abscess leads to scarring the disfigurement; the lesion begins as hard, red, non tender swelling which eventually leads to pus
What are the two major Richettsiae
Rickettsia Rickettsii
Coxiella Burnetii
What does Rickettsia rickettsii cause
Rickettsia (rocky mountain fever)- transmitted by fleas, ticks, mites and lice- high fever that becomes hemorrhagic
What does coxiella burnetii cause
Q fever
interstitial pneumonitis that may be complicated by hepatitis, myocarditis or encephalitis
