Biomechanics Flashcards
In a ___________ lever, the fulcrum is placed between the effort and the load. The overall movement of the load is in the opposite direction of the movement of the effort. These types of levers are rare in the human body
class 1
The atlantooccipital joint is an example of a ______________ lever. The resistance is the head, the axis is the joint, and the muscular action comes from the posterior muscles (such as trapezius)
class 1
In a ___________ lever, the load is between the effort and the fulcrum. The overall movement of the load is in the same direction as that of the effort.
class 2
The metetarsophalangeal joints, when in plantar flexion, is an example of a _____________ lever. The resistance is the weight of the body, and the forceis applied to the calcaneal bone by the gastrocnemius and soleus through the Achilles.
class 2
What is the most common lever in the human body?
class 3
In a ____________ lever, the effort is located between the load and the fulcrum. In this case, both the effort and load are in the same direction
class 3
The elbow joint is an example of a ________________ lever. The joint is the axis; the resistance is the forearm, wrist, and hand; and the force is the biceps muscle when the elbow is flexed
class 3
The _________________ plane divides the body into right and left sides (ex. Flexion, extension, hyperextension, dorsiflexion, and plantarflexion)
Sagittal Plane
The _________________ plane divides the body into front and back (ex. Abduction, adduction, scapular elevation, scapular depression, eversion, and inversion)
Frontal Plane`
The _________________ plane divides the body into top and bottom sections (ex. Rotation, pronation, supination, horizontal abduction, and horizontal adduction)
Transverse Plane
What is defined as the straight line through all fixed points of a rotating rigid body around which all other points of the body move in circles?
axis of rotation
What type of joint is this?
These joints are fixed and/or fibrous joints. They can be categorized as 2 or more bones in close contact that have NO movement
•Examples – Bones of the skull (in adulthood) when they become sutures
Synarthroses (Immovable)
What type of joint is this?
These are known as cartilaginous joints. They are categorized as 2 or more bones held together very tightly that only a minimal amount of movement can take place
•Examples – The vertebrae and discs in the spine
Amphiarthroses (Slightly Movable)
What type of joint is this?
These are known as synovial joints, which contain synovial fluid to promote smooth moving of their parts against each other. These are categorized into different types
•Examples – Freely movable joints such as the knee and shoulder
Diarthroses (Freely Movable)
What type of diarthroses joint is this?
This joint permits movement in all directions. Key characteristics and features of this type of joint is a rounded head of one bone, which is sitting in the cup of another bone
•Examples – shoulder and hip joints
• Shoulder joint has a shallow cup, permitting increased mobility while sacrificing stability
• Hip joint has a dense labrum, which increases depth of the socket and therefore, sacrifices mobility for stability
Ball-and-socket joint
What type of diarthroses joint is this?
This joint can best be characterized as ajoint that opens and closes in one direction, along one plane
•Examples – A good example of this type of joint is the elbow and knee joint
Hinge joint
