Microbial Metabolism Flashcards
Microbes
Energy and building materials
- grow and reproduce
Metabolic reactions
- endothermic: absorbs energy
- exothermic: releases energy (takes longer)
- lowering the activation energy allows many chemical reactions
Catalysts
Proteins serve as biological catalysts
- most enzymes are proteins
- active site: pocket where reactions occurs and fits
— very specific, only binding to specific molecule
Microbial products
Cleaning supplies, biofuels, pharmaceuticals, feed
Enzyme environment
Turnover, optimum, inhibition
- turnover #: total # of substrate molecules processed by an enzyme over 1- minute
• 10^3-10^16x faster than un-catalyzed rxns
Optima
Temp, pH, concentration
Optima temp
Temp that Max turnover rates achieved
- alters molecule in motion/ structure
- temp is lower than optimum= rxn slows
- temp higher= proteins denature
Optimum pH
pH at max: turnover rate achieved
- pH influences the shape of an enzyme due to its charge
- best functions at 7.0pH
PH of stomach
1-2 pH
PH of liver
9-10 pH
Biological impact: control process
Coordination and regulation
Coordination of enzymes
Making proper enzymes in the proper sequence and time
- enzyme need to be in the right order
Regulation of enzyme
Right amount of enzyme at proper concentration
Homeostasis of enzyme
Slow down production and protein molecules
- made when necessary
Fast methods of enzymes
Inhibition
- inhibitor: molecule attached to enzyme and interferes with ability to do its job
Types of inhibition
-Product
- competitive
- allosteric
Product inhibition
Clogs active cite
(Reduces turnover)
Competitive inhibition
Differentiate substances to prevent binding
Allosteric inhibition
Changes shape of active site and Honda to another site
Anabolism
Building materials/ polymers to form energy ATP
Catabolism
Break down materials/ polymers to make energy + heat
Function of metabolism of enzymes
- chemical and mechanical energy
- transport
Glycolysis
Making ATP
- fermentation
- respiration
Glycolysis: fermentation
Breads and yeasts
Glycolysis: respiration
Krebs cycle, electron transport chain
Oxidative Phosphorylation
ATP synthase
Info of glycolysis
Location: cytoplasm
Products: 2 units of 3 carbs each, pyruvic acid
-4 ATP
- 2 NADH
What are alternative catabolic pathways?
-fermentation
-Respiration
-Aerobic
-Anaerobic
Fat catabolism
-modify and stick in glycolysis and Krebs cycle
-protein catabolism
-Krebs cycle
-Proteins broken down by proteases
Anabolism with catabolism
-dehydration synthesis: make polymers
-Biosynthesis: build up of small molecules into larger molecules.* energy is required*
Chloroplast
•Triple membrane:
-Consisting of the outer and inner membrane , thylakoid
Energy
Light rxns: reduce NADH and make ATP
Dark rxns: make food for plants
Light reactions
-produce energy, using ETC and chlorophyll
-where: thylakoids
• reactants: light, H2O, NAHP+
• products: O2, NADPH, ATP
Oxygenic
Algae, green plants, cyanobacteria
Anoxygenic
Archaea, other bacteria
Dark RXN
-produce food for organisms
-where: stroma
•reactants: NADPH, ATP, CO2
• products: NADP+, glucose
