Control Of Metabolism Growth Flashcards
Sterilization
100% destruction of microorganisms
Asepsis
Environment or procedure free of pathogens
Disinfection
Using chemical/physical methods
- eradicates pathogens on objects
- sanitizes
Degerming
Physical/ mechanical removal of miscropeganisms while using chemical methods
Method etymology
Static/ stasis, cidal/ cide
Microbial death
Inhibition of microbial, metabolism, and
Growth
- 90% per minute
Microbial considerations
-external: cellular integrity: cell wall and membrane
- internal: cellular metabolism: proteins and nucleic acids
Antimicrobial methods
-Temp
-Desiccation
-Filtration
-Osmotic pressure
-Radiation
-Germicides: LLG, ILG, HLG
What do doctors have to do before putting patient on antibiotics
Start low for antibiotics and build for stronger antibiotics
What is important for doctors understand for patient’s treatment
Exposure and location
Temperature method
-Moist heat: fast and 99% effective (auto clave and pasteurization)
-Dry heat: desiccation(oldest method of preservation that removes water)
-Cold temp: refrigeration, or freezer
Lyophilization
Freezing and drying that contains no ice crystals
Overall Chemical methods
-effective in dense organic material
-Cons: corrosive, irritant, pungent, mutative
Chemical method of alcohols
-nonpolar and require water
-effective of bacteria, fungi, viruses
-Does not kill spores
-Surfactant: decree surface tension, increased concentration
Human control
Paul Ehrlich: chemotherapy
Alexander Fleming : 1929 penicillin
Gerhard, Domach : 1932 sulfanilamide
Salmon, Waxman : antibiotics
What are surfactants
Soaps/detergents
What do Freezing methods do?
Makes water expand, and creates ice crystals
Selectivity
-premise: targets pathogens, while minimizing host image
-Feasibility: bacteria is high, eukaryotes are low
-Target affect: cell wall, proteins synthesis, Cell, memebrane, metabolism in nucleic acid synthesis, an attachment and recognition
Cell wall method
Destroys osmotic barrier
-Drugs inhibit new wall production for osmotic rupture
Protein synthesis method
Making proteins
-Small: codon reading
-Large: peptide bond information
-pros/cons: genetic differences and similarities for mitochondria
Antisense technology
Complementary to pathogens, DNA and RNA’s
Metabolism method
Common pore targets
-Glycolysis, fermentation
-anti-metabolic agents
-Sulfanilamide (bactericidal)
Antiviral methods
-targeting viral lifecycle
— coats, and triggered by acidity of host
-Protease inhibitors
— protein digestive enzymes= proteases
— anti-enzymatic= targets, HIV
Clinical impact
What we want: an expensive, fast, acting, stable and storable, Toti, potent, asymptomatic
-Spectrum: quantity of pathogens affected by treatment
-Judicious use: microbial, antagonism, deterrence, and brought effect on all human bacteria
Diffusion susceptibility test
-Test of quantity and quality of treatment delivery
-Kirby Bauer test: zone of inhibition
Routes of administration
PO: simple and slow
- auto-administration
- blood efficacy: low and pulsing
IM: hypodermic needles and pain susceptibility
- blood efficacy: intermediate and pulsing
IV: hypodermic needles
- blood efficacy: highest and continuous
What is the fastest delivery method of treatment?
IV
What are the three considerations of administering treatment?
-delivery, safety, disruption
Side effects of treatments
-toxicity: selectivity of higher effect against pathogens versus patient
-observable effects in patients:
— circulatory: lungs, liver, kidney
— External: skin, Mucosa
— gastrointestinal: oral, stomach, intestines
Drug resistance
Resistance required via genomic mutation in horizontal transfer of R – factors
-transformation, transduction, conjugation
Multiple drug resistance
Acquired through R – plasmid
-High treatment levels:
— eliminate cells
— supports growth of resistant cells
— resistant to 3+ drugs
— cross resistance: similarities
Mechanisms
Alternative drug pathway
Types :
-Inactivation or destruction of drug
-Metabolic adaptation
Compliance
-proper delivery method
-Maintenance of high concentrations
-Proper time frame and limited distribution
Antibiotic resistance
MRSA /VRSA
Cocktails
-synergy
-Do used to multiple anti-microbial to inhibit growth, without exception
