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Micro > Ch 4: Genes > Flashcards

Ch 4: Genes Flashcards

1
Q

Central dogma

A

Source, order, and function of all genetic information 

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2
Q

Characteristics of central dogma

A

-DNA replicates and transcribes
-MRNA is a chemical messenger of information
-MRNA is translated into proteins

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3
Q

Proteins structure

A

Amino acids

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4
Q

Primary structure of proteins

A

Ala-leu-cys-met

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5
Q

Secondary structure of proteins

A

A. Alpha helix
B. Beta pleated sheet

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6
Q

Tertiary structure of proteins

A

Cross-links between our groups

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7
Q

Quaternary structure of proteins

A

Coils

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8
Q

Globular proteins

A

• spherical
-Insulin
-Hemoglobin
-Enzymes
-Antibodies

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9
Q

Fibrous proteins

A

• long, thin fibers
-Hair
-Wool
-Skin
-Nails

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10
Q

Definition of denaturation

A

Disruption of secondary tertiary and quaternary proteins by heat, acids, heavy metals, agitation

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11
Q

Examples of denaturation

A

-Heat cauterizing blood
-Hard boiling an egg
-Curling hair/straightening hair
-Heating milk to make yogurt

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12
Q

Purine bases

A

Adenine and guanine

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13
Q

Pyrimidines bases

A

Thymine and cytosine

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14
Q

Properties of gene

A

-polarity
-Strandedness
-antiparallelelicity
-Complementarity

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15
Q

Replication

A

DNA to rna to protein

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16
Q

DNA polymerization

A

Nucleotides bond together by dehydration reaction

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17
Q

Transcription

A

RNA uses dna that only reads individual genes

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18
Q

Gene expression

A

RNA transcription, proteins synthesis, regulation of expression, eukaryotic, and prokaryotic

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19
Q

Eukaryotic characteristics

A

-chromosomes are similar (linear)
-2 copies: diploid
-Positively charged and double stranded
-identical polymerization
Double stranded helix is extremely long

20
Q

Prokaryotic characteristics

A

-Single copy: haploid
-Histone like proteins
-no nucleus
-Identical, polymerization, one origin

21
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid
-Replication-> DNA-> transcribes-> RNA

22
Q

Gene

A

Sequence of DNA

23
Q

Genome

A

Collection of jeans= organism

24
Q

Genotype

A

Specific gene type

25
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical and observable traits for genotype

26
Q

Is the shape of a protein important

A

Yes, because it could change its function

27
Q

What is the first process in central dogma?

A

Replication

28
Q

MRNA

A

Blueprint for how proteins are made

29
Q

RRNA

A

Ribosomal RNA part of ribosome

30
Q

TRNA

A

Transfer RNA functions as helper to bring amino acids to ribosomes

31
Q

Mutations

A

Deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation

32
Q

Fixing mutations

A

Substitute, insertion, and deletion

33
Q

Silent mutation

A

Change in mRNA sequence, which doesn’t change the a.a sequence of proteins

34
Q

Missense mutation

A

Change an mRNA sequence, which does change the a.a sequence of the protein

35
Q

What is the condition to induce the LAC operon?

A

High lactose, low glucose

36
Q

Chromosome structures

A

Coil histones
Coil around coil (chromatin)
Coil chromatin (nucleosome)
Super coiled structure (chromosome)

37
Q

Extra nuclear DNA (5%)

A

Most common
mitochondria and chloroplast are donated from Mom

38
Q

Bacteria, prokaryotes

A

-histone like proteins (Hu)
-Have single copy: haploid
-have circular DNA
-Have extra DNA: plasmids
-conjunction: gene transfer

39
Q

Conjunction

A

Gene transfer
F-plasmids

40
Q

Resistance, plasmids

A

Resistant to penicillin other medications

41
Q

Bacteriosin plasmids

A

Kill is competition

42
Q

Virulence plasmids

A

Ability to become pathogenic

43
Q

Characteristics of a nucleotide

A

Sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base

44
Q

Properties of DNA

A

-Polar from nucleotide
-anti-parallel
-Complementary

45
Q

Transponons

A

Movable DNA fragments that jump
-Low frequency

46
Q

How does bacteria defend themselves?

A

-bacterial immune system
-Nucleic acid resistors

Micro (8 decks)

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