Ch 4: Genes Flashcards
Central dogma
Source, order, and function of all genetic information 
Characteristics of central dogma
-DNA replicates and transcribes
-MRNA is a chemical messenger of information
-MRNA is translated into proteins
Proteins structure
Amino acids
Primary structure of proteins
Ala-leu-cys-met
Secondary structure of proteins
A. Alpha helix
B. Beta pleated sheet
Tertiary structure of proteins
Cross-links between our groups
Quaternary structure of proteins
Coils
Globular proteins
• spherical
-Insulin
-Hemoglobin
-Enzymes
-Antibodies
Fibrous proteins
• long, thin fibers
-Hair
-Wool
-Skin
-Nails
Definition of denaturation
Disruption of secondary tertiary and quaternary proteins by heat, acids, heavy metals, agitation
Examples of denaturation
-Heat cauterizing blood
-Hard boiling an egg
-Curling hair/straightening hair
-Heating milk to make yogurt
Purine bases
Adenine and guanine
Pyrimidines bases
Thymine and cytosine
Properties of gene
-polarity
-Strandedness
-antiparallelelicity
-Complementarity
Replication
DNA to rna to protein
DNA polymerization
Nucleotides bond together by dehydration reaction
Transcription
RNA uses dna that only reads individual genes
Gene expression
RNA transcription, proteins synthesis, regulation of expression, eukaryotic, and prokaryotic
Eukaryotic characteristics
-chromosomes are similar (linear)
-2 copies: diploid
-Positively charged and double stranded
-identical polymerization
Double stranded helix is extremely long
Prokaryotic characteristics
-Single copy: haploid
-Histone like proteins
-no nucleus
-Identical, polymerization, one origin
RNA
Ribonucleic acid
-Replication-> DNA-> transcribes-> RNA
Gene
Sequence of DNA
Genome
Collection of jeans= organism
Genotype
Specific gene type
Phenotype
Physical and observable traits for genotype
Is the shape of a protein important
Yes, because it could change its function
What is the first process in central dogma?
Replication
MRNA
Blueprint for how proteins are made
RRNA
Ribosomal RNA part of ribosome
TRNA
Transfer RNA functions as helper to bring amino acids to ribosomes
Mutations
Deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation
Fixing mutations
Substitute, insertion, and deletion
Silent mutation
Change in mRNA sequence, which doesn’t change the a.a sequence of proteins
Missense mutation
Change an mRNA sequence, which does change the a.a sequence of the protein
What is the condition to induce the LAC operon?
High lactose, low glucose
Chromosome structures
Coil histones
Coil around coil (chromatin)
Coil chromatin (nucleosome)
Super coiled structure (chromosome)
Extra nuclear DNA (5%)
Most common
mitochondria and chloroplast are donated from Mom
Bacteria, prokaryotes
-histone like proteins (Hu)
-Have single copy: haploid
-have circular DNA
-Have extra DNA: plasmids
-conjunction: gene transfer
Conjunction
Gene transfer
F-plasmids
Resistance, plasmids
Resistant to penicillin other medications
Bacteriosin plasmids
Kill is competition
Virulence plasmids
Ability to become pathogenic
Characteristics of a nucleotide
Sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base
Properties of DNA
-Polar from nucleotide
-anti-parallel
-Complementary
Transponons
Movable DNA fragments that jump
-Low frequency
How does bacteria defend themselves?
-bacterial immune system
-Nucleic acid resistors
