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BIO 2104 > MICROBIAL GENETICS CH 6 > Flashcards

MICROBIAL GENETICS CH 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Genetics

A

The study of inheritance or heredity that explores the expression and transfer of genes and traits

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2
Q

Define Genome

A

The total of genetic material of an organism consisting of that found in:
- Nucleus/Nucleoid Region
- Plasmid
- Mitochondrial/Chloroplast DNA

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3
Q

Define Gene

A

A segment of DNA that codes for a functional protein or RNA product

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4
Q

Define Chromosome

A

Neatly Packaged nucleic acid molecule

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5
Q

Define Genomics

A

The study of an organisms entire genome

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6
Q

Primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA

A

Prok - Circular
Euk - Linear

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7
Q

What are the three categories in which genes function

A
  • Proteins
  • Regulatory genes that control gene expression
  • RNA machinery
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8
Q

Genotype vs Phenotype

A

Genotype - Genetic Information
Phenotype - Physical, observable traits

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9
Q

What is a nucleotide? Describe the basic components

A

Basic unit of DNA composed of
- Sugar
- Phosphate Group
- Nitrogeous Base/Base Pair (A-T, C-G)

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10
Q

What bond type is found in DNA

A

Hydrogen Bonds

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11
Q

What composes the backbone of DNA?

A

Deoxyribose and Phosphate

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12
Q

What is the arrangement of DNA

A

Antiparallel; one strand runs in the 5’>3’ direction and the other in the opposite
- Phosphate Group is the 5’ end
- Sugar makes up the 3’ end (OH Group)

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13
Q

In which way does DNA Replication occur?

A

5’ to 3’

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14
Q

Summarize the steps of DNA Replication

A
  • Split the parent strand to create the replication fork (replication bubble in prokaryotes)
  • RNA Primer added
  • DNA Polymerase III adds complimentary nucleotide strands in the 5’ to 3’ direction
  • RNA Primers are replaced with DNA
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15
Q

Define semiconservative replication

A

One parent and one daughter strand of DNA

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16
Q

T/F: DNA replication is done at a single origin of replication

A

False; there are mltiple replication forks that work to get all the DNA

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17
Q

Important differences between RNA and DNA

A

DNA
- Deoxyribose (H)
- A-T
- Double Stranded

RNA
- Ribose (OH)
- A-U
- Single Stranded

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18
Q

What is transcription? Describe the process

A

DNA to RNA
- Split DNA and create mRNA transcript using RNA Polymerase
- mRNA leaves the nucleus/nucleoid region and heads to ribosome

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19
Q

What is translation? Describe the process

A

RNA to Protein
- mRNA attatches to ribosome
- tRNA brings in amino acids starting at AUG
- Creates peptide bonds between amino acids until stop codon is reached (UAA, UAG, UGA)
- the stop codon doesnt make a protein it just releases it for folding

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20
Q

Codon vs Anticodon

A

Codons are found on the mRNA strand and code for specific amino acids

Anticodons are found on the tRNA, are complementary to the mRNA strand, and allow it to bind and carry amino acids to the ribosome

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21
Q

What ultimately determines the phenotype

A

Proteins

22
Q

Identify and describe the thee types of RNA

A

mRNA - Consists of codons that code for amino acids

tRNA - Transfers amino acids to the ribosome and contains the anticodon

rRNA - Forms the ribosome and functions to create proteins

23
Q

What is the start codon and what protein does it make?

A

AUG - Methionine

24
Q

What are the three stop codons?

A

UAG (u are gone)
UAA (u are away)
UGA (u go away)

25
Q

What are the three major steps for transcription and translation decribed in lecture?

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

26
Q

What enzyme directs transcription?

A

RNA Polymerase

27
Q

The process of shifting the ribosome down the mRNA strand to synthesize amino acids

A

Translocation

27
Q

T/F: More than one codon can exist for an amino acid. Explain

A

True; this allows for some mistakes in the process and still be okay

28
Q

Which antibiotic drugs inhibit protein synthesis

A

Tetracycline, Aminoglycosides

29
Q

Describe Recombination

A

An event in which one bacterium donates DNA to another bacterium.
- The end result is a strain different from the donor and the recepient
- The recipieint that contains and expresses genes that came from another organism is a RECOMBINANT

30
Q

Vertical vs Horizontal Gene Transfer

A

Vertical - Between generations (parent to offspring)

Horizontal - Within the same generation (just a nearby cell not given through binary fission)

31
Q

Identify (dont describe) the three types of horizontal gene transfers completed in class

A

Transduction
Conjugation
Transformation

32
Q

Describe Transduction

A

Involves bacteriophage inserting DNA/RNA into the cell; while the viruses are reproduced some of them pick up nonviral, bacterial dna. This virus goes on to infect new cells, and inserts nonviral dna into another bacterial cell

33
Q

Describe Conjugation

A

Bacterial sex involves the pilus that transfer of genetic infromation from plasmids

34
Q

Describe Transformation

A

COMPETENT cells picks up small frgaments of DNA from the environment (dna gets into environment when a nearby one dies)

35
Q

Define Mutation

A

Any change or alteration of the original sequence of DNA that is permanent and can be passed to offspring

36
Q

Identify a negative and positive effect of mutations

A

Pos - Work to help generate antimicrobial agents

Neg - Antibiotic resistance

37
Q

Wild vs Mutant Types

A

Wild - Original, nonmutated
Mutant - Mutated

38
Q

Spontaneous vs induced mutations
Provide an example

A

Spontaneous - Issues in DNA replication

Induced - Result from the exposure to a mutagen (photons from UV light)

39
Q

TYPES OF MUTATIONS:
Silent

A

Codes for the same protein and has no effect on the cell or organism

40
Q

TYPES OF MUTATIONS:
Nonsense

A

Codes for a stop codon

41
Q

TYPES OF MUTATIONS:
Conservative Missense

A

Different proteins but conserves some of the same properties and acts similarly to the original protein

42
Q

TYPES OF MUTATIONS:
Non Conservative Missense

A

Different protein that does not conserve some of the same properties of the original protein

43
Q

TYPES OF MUTATIONS:
Frameshift

A

One or more bases are insterted or deleted that alters the reading frame of the RNA that nearly always leads to nonfunctional proteins

44
Q

Point Mutations

A

Small mutations that affect a single base on a gene

45
Q

Lethal vs Neutral mutations

A

Lethal - Leads to cell dysfunction or death
Neutral - Has no adverse or helpful changes to the cell

46
Q

T/F: A spontaneuous mutation arises from exposure to chemicals or physical agents

A

False; this is an example of an induced mutation

47
Q

Which mutation type results in a stop codon

A

Nonsense

48
Q

Which mutation type nearly always results in a nonfunctional protein

A

Frameshift

49
Q

T/F: Mutations are always harmful to organisms

A

FALSE; not always

BIO 2104 (10 decks)

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