EXAM 1 Flashcards
What is the Impact of Microbes on Earth? (4)
- Majority of Earths Oxygen
- Through Endosymbiosis bacteria and archae gave rise to eukaryotic cells
- Enrich soil
- Clean Pollutants
- Allow animals to digest substances
- Sometimes cause disease
What qualities are required to say that evolution is a theory?
- Documented everywhere, on all corners of the planet
- Observable and testable by science
- Tested by multiple researchers who get the same result
What is the difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote?
What are the direct translations of their names?
Prokaryote - “Before Nucleus” NO NUCLEUS
Eukaryote - “True Nucleus” HAS A NUCLEUS
True or False: Microscopic Organisms Produce More Oxygen Than Plants
True, microorganisms account for more than 70% of earth’s photosynthesis and contribute to the majority of the oxygen in the atmosphere
What is bioremediation? Describe an example
Bioremediation is the use of microorganisms for the betterment of the environment.
ex: Cleaning oil spills
What is the relative burden of human disease caused by microbes between developed countries and developing countries
Developed countries have access to healthcare, vaccines, and safe food and water sources with little to no contamination
Developing countries suffer from microbe diseases such as pneumonia, flu, tubercolosis, and diarrheal diseases.
True or False: All microbes cause disease. Explain
False, Only pathogenic microbes cause disease. These are very few in comparison with all other microbes
Bacteria vs Archaea vs Eukarya
They are the three domains of life
Eukarya: Have Nucleus + Organelles
Bacteria and Archaea: Have Neither
+ Are Unicellular
Compare the relative sizes of different microbes
Look at Grey Circles
Identify two types of acellular microorganisms. How do they live and what is this term called?
Prions and Viruses
They require a host to live off of
“Parasites”
In terms of size, how are eukaryotes different from bacteria and archaea
They are ten times larger because they have organelles and a nucleus
Why are helminths considered in the study of microbiology?
Their eggs are microscopic and they are parasitic (infectious, causing disease)
Theory
When a hypothesis is supported by a growing body of data and survives rigorous scrutiny
What are the taxonomic categories?
Did King Philip Come Over For Good Soup?
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
What are the steps of the scientific method?
OQHEAC
Observe
Question
Hypothesis
Experiment
Analysis
Conclusion
How do we name organisms and write scientific names appropriately?
Capital Genus
Lowercase Species
Italicized (on computer)
Underlinesd (on paper)
What are the three major domains?
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
BAE
Explain the relationship between atoms and elements
Elements are made up of atoms, and the number of subatomic particles determines which element it is
Atoms are tiny particles that cannot be subdivided into smaller particles without losing its properties
Describe Covalent Bonds
Sharing electrons
Polar shares Unequally
Nonpolar shares Equally
Describe Ionic Bonds
Donating electrons from one molecule to another
Describe Hydrogen Bonds
Between separate molecules:
A weak bond between slightly positive hydrogen and another negative charge
What type of bond is within a water molecule?
Polar Covalent
What type of bond is found within DNA
Hydrogen
Identify the type of reaction:
Synthesis
Identify the type of reaction:
Decomposition
Identify the type of reaction:
Exchange
What is a solute?
A substance that is dissolved (sugar)
What is a solvent?
A substance that has the ability to dissolve other substances
(water)
pH above 7
What molecule does it have more of?
Basic (alkaline)
Hydroxide
pH below 7
What molecule does it have more of?
Acidic
Hydrogen
Molecule
2 or more atoms
Compound
2 or more different atoms
Is O2 a molecule, compound or both? Why
Molecule only (has two atoms but they are not different)
List the three types of bonds from strongest to weakest
Covalent
Ionic
Hydrogen
Cats in Heaven
What makes a molecule organic?
It must contain carbon and hydrogen in the same molecule
Identify three reasons why carbon is essential to life
- Makes up all organic molecules
- Can form four covalent bonds with different types of elements
- Create diverse types of organic compounds
What are the four families of biochemicals?
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
What is an example of a carbohydrate
Lactose, Glucose, Polysaccharide
What is an examples of a lipid?
Phospholipids, Cholesterol
What is an example of a protein?
Amino Acids, Structural Proteins
What is an example of a nucelic acid?
ATP
DNA
RNA
Describe and draw the four levels of protein structures
Primary - Amino Acid Polypeptide Chain
Seconday - Alpha helix, Beta Sheets
Tertiary - 3D Folding
Quaternary - Multiple 3D structures
What are the three components of nucleic acids?
Phosphate
Sugar
Nitrogenous Base (ATCGU)
What nitrogen bases are in DNA? RNA?
DNA - ATCG
RNA - AUCG
What are the three components of ATP?
Adenine (nitrogenous base)
Ribose
Three Phosphates
What characteristics are common to all cells?
DNA
Ribosome
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
What is the basic definition of a cell?
The fundamental units of life
Eukaryotic Cells vs Bacteria and Archaea
Bacteria and Archaea are both prokaryotes which mean that they do not have a nucleus or organelles whereas eukaryotic cells do
Bacteria and Archaea are also ten times smaller than Prokaryotes
What are the five I’s in order?
Inoculation
Incubation
Isolation
Inspection
Identification
Identifying the five I’s:
What does inoculation mean?
Sample is placed from one source to another
Identifying the five I’s:
What does Incubation mean?
Providing the proper growing condtions to grow microbes quickly (incubator)
Identifying the five I’s:
What does isolation mean?
Isolating the different types of microbes into individual colonies
Identifying the five I’s:
What does inspection mean?
Observation with the eye or microscope
Identifying the five I’s:
What does Identification mean?
Using tests to determine exact organisms
Identify the three physical states of media and describe when they are used
Liquid - Useful for growing large amounts of bacteria in bulk
Semisolid - Used to see movement
Solid - Usefult for isolating individual colonies
Selective Media
Inhibits the growth of other microbes and choose what we want to grow
Differential Media
All microbes grow but allows for some sort of observable differences between growth
What are examples of media that are both differential and selective?
Mannitol Salt Agar
MacConkey Agar
When is Mannitol Salt Agar used?
Selects for Staphylococcus species because of high concentrations of salt
Differentiates S. aureus and S. epidermidis
When is MacConkey Agar used?
Selects for Gram- bacteria and inhibits the growth of Gram+ bacteria
Differentiates lactose and non lactose fermenters
What type of media is Blood Agar?
Differential and Enriched
Defined OR Synthetic Media
Has a known and stable concentration of nutrient(s)
Complex Media
Has some undefined components within it
Identify the two defintions of the term “culture’
Verb: The action of isolating colonies
Noun: Growth on media
How do you convert among the (5) lengths of the metric system
m to cm (100)
cm to mm (10)
mm to µm (1000)
µm to nm (1000)
Convert 3 cm to µm
30,000µm (multiply by 10 for mm and multiply by 1000 for µm)
Convert 700nm to µm
0.7µm (divide by 1000)
Convert 3nm to µm
0.003 µm
Identify the three elements of good microscopy
Resolution
Magnification
Contrast
What is the range and what can we see using a light microscope
Anything in the micrometer (µm) range
Lots of Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
What is the range and what can we see under an electron microscope?
Anything in the nanometer range
Viruses, Prions, DNA
Identify and describe the two main categories of stains
Positive Staining - Stain Organisms
Negative Staining - Stain the Background
Crytal Violet
Methylene Blue
Safranin
Malachite Green
Examples of Positive Stains
Nigrosin
India Ink
Examples of Negative Stains
Describe a Simple Stain
Uses a single dye and tells us basic information about a cell like the shape, size, and arrangement
Describe a Differential Stain
Two different colored stains and is used to contrast cell TYPES or PARTS
Describe a Negative Stain
Stains the background ratehrn than the cells
Describe what the colors mean in a gram stain
G+ Purple
G- Pink
Describe a Special Stain
Is used to look for and emphasize specific structures of a cell
Identify and describe three examples of special stains
Endospore: Distinguish endospores from vegatative cells
Capsule: Identify capsules in some bacteria and fungi
Flagellar: Identify flagella to determine motility
What is the total magnification of a specimen viewed with the 40x objective
400x
The use of biological systems for the betterment of the environment
Bioremediation
An enzyme that speeds up the rate of a reaction
Catalyst
A mass or group of organisms visible on an agar plate that originate from a single mother
Colony
The growth of undesired or unexpected elements present on or within a culture
Contaminated Culture
The colored difference between two objects
Contrast
Fixing Smears
Usually done with heat to ensure the organisms are not washed away with each of the following steps and to preserve cell characteristics
A kingdom of life under the Eukaryotic domain of life. These organismsare known as decomposers and are not to be confused with the kingdom Plantae
Fungi
General Media
A media type that provides enough nutrients that allows for the growth of a broad array of organisms
Identify the purpose of a gram stain
The gram stain is used to identify differences between Bacterial cell structure
Describe the cell structure of a gram negative cell
Cell Membrane
Thin Cell Wall (peptidoglycan)
Cell Membrane
Describe the cell structure of a gram positive cell
Thick Cell Wall (Peptidoglycal)
Cell Membrane
Helminths are also called
Parasitic Worms
Hypothesis
A testable idea that is used to explain or further explore an existing occurence
Immunocompromised
An impaired immune system that leads to a greater risk of acquiring infections, and a higher difficulty in fighting them off
Inorganic Molecule
A molecule that does not contian BOTH carbon and hydrogen
Ionization
The process by which a molecule or atom gains or loses an electron
Anion: Gains an electron and has a net negative charge
Cation: Loses an electron and has a net positive charge
Magnification
The enlargement of an image
Matter
Tangible materials that occupy space and have mass
Media/Medium
A solid, liquid, or semisolid substance that is designed to support (or inhibit) the growth of microorganisms
Microbiology
The scientific study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye
Mixed Culture
A culture type is one that contains more than one type of organism in a media type
Organism
A living thing that has the ability to function on its own
What is a parasite?
An organism that requires a host to live and gets its food at the expense of the host
What is a pathogen?
An organism that causes or can cause a disease
Phylogeny
The study of the history of the evolution between groups of organisms
What is a prion?
Misfolded proteins that are pathogenic and have the ability to damage and alter the nervous sytem
What is a protozoan?
Single celled eukaryotic organisms
Pure culture
A culture type that contains a single type of organism
Resolution/Resolving Power
The ability of a microscope to distinguish two objects from each other
Saturated vs Unsaturated fatty acids
Saturated fatty acids do not have a double bond and hydrogens surrounding the entire molecule
Unsatured fatty acids have a double bond and do not have hydrogens surrounding the entire molecule
Spontaneous Generation
The theory that living organisms developed from nonliving matter
Sterile
Completely free from microorganisms
Taxonomy
A scheme or hierarchical classification of all living organisms
Ubiquitous
Seemingly present everywhere
Virus
Parasitic microbes composed of genetic material inside a protein coating
Identify four professions that use microbiology
Medical Microbiology
Public Health + Epidemiology
Immunology
Environmental MIcrobiology
Agricultural MIcrobiology
What are the three particles associated with atoms? What is the charge and where are they located
Protons + In the Nucleus
Neutrons 0 In the Nucleus
Electrons - In Orbitals
What are the basic shapes of cells?
Bacillus (Rods)
Coccus (Spheres)
Spirochetes (Spirals)
