Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 2104 > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the Impact of Microbes on Earth? (4)

A
  • Majority of Earths Oxygen
  • Through Endosymbiosis bacteria and archae gave rise to eukaryotic cells
  • Enrich soil
  • Clean Pollutants
  • Allow animals to digest substances
  • Sometimes cause disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What qualities are required to say that evolution is a theory?

A
  • Documented everywhere, on all corners of the planet
  • Observable and testable by science
  • Tested by multiple researchers who get the same result
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote?
What are the direct translations of their names?

A

Prokaryote - “Before Nucleus” NO NUCLEUS

Eukaryote - “True Nucleus” HAS A NUCLEUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

True or False: Microscopic Organisms Produce More Oxygen Than Plants

A

True, microorganisms account for more than 70% of earth’s photosynthesis and contribute to the majority of the oxygen in the atmosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is bioremediation? Describe an example

A

Bioremediation is the use of microorganisms for the betterment of the environment.
ex: Cleaning oil spills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the relative burden of human disease caused by microbes between developed countries and developing countries

A

Developed countries have access to healthcare, vaccines, and safe food and water sources with little to no contamination

Developing countries suffer from microbe diseases such as pneumonia, flu, tubercolosis, and diarrheal diseases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

True or False: All microbes cause disease. Explain

A

False, Only pathogenic microbes cause disease. These are very few in comparison with all other microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Bacteria vs Archaea vs Eukarya

A

They are the three domains of life

Eukarya: Have Nucleus + Organelles

Bacteria and Archaea: Have Neither
+ Are Unicellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Compare the relative sizes of different microbes

A

Look at Grey Circles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Identify two types of acellular microorganisms. How do they live and what is this term called?

A

Prions and Viruses

They require a host to live off of
“Parasites”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In terms of size, how are eukaryotes different from bacteria and archaea

A

They are ten times larger because they have organelles and a nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why are helminths considered in the study of microbiology?

A

Their eggs are microscopic and they are parasitic (infectious, causing disease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Theory

A

When a hypothesis is supported by a growing body of data and survives rigorous scrutiny

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the taxonomic categories?

A

Did King Philip Come Over For Good Soup?

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the steps of the scientific method?

A

OQHEAC
Observe
Question
Hypothesis
Experiment
Analysis
Conclusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do we name organisms and write scientific names appropriately?

A

Capital Genus
Lowercase Species

Italicized (on computer)
Underlinesd (on paper)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the three major domains?

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

BAE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Explain the relationship between atoms and elements

A

Elements are made up of atoms, and the number of subatomic particles determines which element it is

Atoms are tiny particles that cannot be subdivided into smaller particles without losing its properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe Covalent Bonds

A

Sharing electrons

Polar shares Unequally
Nonpolar shares Equally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe Ionic Bonds

A

Donating electrons from one molecule to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe Hydrogen Bonds

A

Between separate molecules:
A weak bond between slightly positive hydrogen and another negative charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What type of bond is within a water molecule?

A

Polar Covalent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What type of bond is found within DNA

A

Hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Identify the type of reaction:

A

Synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Identify the type of reaction:

A

Decomposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Identify the type of reaction:

A

Exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a solute?

A

A substance that is dissolved (sugar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is a solvent?

A

A substance that has the ability to dissolve other substances

(water)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

pH above 7

What molecule does it have more of?

A

Basic (alkaline)
Hydroxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

pH below 7

What molecule does it have more of?

A

Acidic
Hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Molecule

A

2 or more atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Compound

A

2 or more different atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Is O2 a molecule, compound or both? Why

A

Molecule only (has two atoms but they are not different)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

List the three types of bonds from strongest to weakest

A

Covalent
Ionic
Hydrogen

Cats in Heaven

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What makes a molecule organic?

A

It must contain carbon and hydrogen in the same molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Identify three reasons why carbon is essential to life

A
  • Makes up all organic molecules
  • Can form four covalent bonds with different types of elements
  • Create diverse types of organic compounds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the four families of biochemicals?

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is an example of a carbohydrate

A

Lactose, Glucose, Polysaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is an examples of a lipid?

A

Phospholipids, Cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is an example of a protein?

A

Amino Acids, Structural Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is an example of a nucelic acid?

A

ATP
DNA
RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Describe and draw the four levels of protein structures

A

Primary - Amino Acid Polypeptide Chain
Seconday - Alpha helix, Beta Sheets
Tertiary - 3D Folding
Quaternary - Multiple 3D structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the three components of nucleic acids?

A

Phosphate
Sugar
Nitrogenous Base (ATCGU)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What nitrogen bases are in DNA? RNA?

A

DNA - ATCG
RNA - AUCG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the three components of ATP?

A

Adenine (nitrogenous base)
Ribose
Three Phosphates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What characteristics are common to all cells?

A

DNA
Ribosome
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the basic definition of a cell?

A

The fundamental units of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Eukaryotic Cells vs Bacteria and Archaea

A

Bacteria and Archaea are both prokaryotes which mean that they do not have a nucleus or organelles whereas eukaryotic cells do

Bacteria and Archaea are also ten times smaller than Prokaryotes

49
Q

What are the five I’s in order?

A

Inoculation
Incubation
Isolation
Inspection
Identification

50
Q

Identifying the five I’s:
What does inoculation mean?

A

Sample is placed from one source to another

51
Q

Identifying the five I’s:
What does Incubation mean?

A

Providing the proper growing condtions to grow microbes quickly (incubator)

52
Q

Identifying the five I’s:
What does isolation mean?

A

Isolating the different types of microbes into individual colonies

53
Q

Identifying the five I’s:
What does inspection mean?

A

Observation with the eye or microscope

54
Q

Identifying the five I’s:
What does Identification mean?

A

Using tests to determine exact organisms

55
Q

Identify the three physical states of media and describe when they are used

A

Liquid - Useful for growing large amounts of bacteria in bulk

Semisolid - Used to see movement

Solid - Usefult for isolating individual colonies

56
Q

Selective Media

A

Inhibits the growth of other microbes and choose what we want to grow

57
Q

Differential Media

A

All microbes grow but allows for some sort of observable differences between growth

58
Q

What are examples of media that are both differential and selective?

A

Mannitol Salt Agar
MacConkey Agar

59
Q

When is Mannitol Salt Agar used?

A

Selects for Staphylococcus species because of high concentrations of salt
Differentiates S. aureus and S. epidermidis

60
Q

When is MacConkey Agar used?

A

Selects for Gram- bacteria and inhibits the growth of Gram+ bacteria
Differentiates lactose and non lactose fermenters

61
Q

What type of media is Blood Agar?

A

Differential and Enriched

62
Q

Defined OR Synthetic Media

A

Has a known and stable concentration of nutrient(s)

63
Q

Complex Media

A

Has some undefined components within it

64
Q

Identify the two defintions of the term “culture’

A

Verb: The action of isolating colonies
Noun: Growth on media

65
Q

How do you convert among the (5) lengths of the metric system

A

m to cm (100)
cm to mm (10)
mm to µm (1000)
µm to nm (1000)

66
Q

Convert 3 cm to µm

A

30,000µm (multiply by 10 for mm and multiply by 1000 for µm)

67
Q

Convert 700nm to µm

A

0.7µm (divide by 1000)

68
Q

Convert 3nm to µm

A

0.003 µm

69
Q

Identify the three elements of good microscopy

A

Resolution
Magnification
Contrast

70
Q

What is the range and what can we see using a light microscope

A

Anything in the micrometer (µm) range

Lots of Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

71
Q

What is the range and what can we see under an electron microscope?

A

Anything in the nanometer range

Viruses, Prions, DNA

72
Q

Identify and describe the two main categories of stains

A

Positive Staining - Stain Organisms
Negative Staining - Stain the Background

73
Q

Crytal Violet
Methylene Blue
Safranin
Malachite Green

A

Examples of Positive Stains

74
Q

Nigrosin
India Ink

A

Examples of Negative Stains

75
Q

Describe a Simple Stain

A

Uses a single dye and tells us basic information about a cell like the shape, size, and arrangement

76
Q

Describe a Differential Stain

A

Two different colored stains and is used to contrast cell TYPES or PARTS

77
Q

Describe a Negative Stain

A

Stains the background ratehrn than the cells

78
Q

Describe what the colors mean in a gram stain

A

G+ Purple
G- Pink

79
Q

Describe a Special Stain

A

Is used to look for and emphasize specific structures of a cell

80
Q

Identify and describe three examples of special stains

A

Endospore: Distinguish endospores from vegatative cells
Capsule: Identify capsules in some bacteria and fungi
Flagellar: Identify flagella to determine motility

81
Q

What is the total magnification of a specimen viewed with the 40x objective

A

400x

82
Q

The use of biological systems for the betterment of the environment

A

Bioremediation

83
Q

An enzyme that speeds up the rate of a reaction

A

Catalyst

84
Q

A mass or group of organisms visible on an agar plate that originate from a single mother

A

Colony

85
Q

The growth of undesired or unexpected elements present on or within a culture

A

Contaminated Culture

86
Q

The colored difference between two objects

A

Contrast

87
Q

Fixing Smears

A

Usually done with heat to ensure the organisms are not washed away with each of the following steps and to preserve cell characteristics

88
Q

A kingdom of life under the Eukaryotic domain of life. These organismsare known as decomposers and are not to be confused with the kingdom Plantae

A

Fungi

89
Q

General Media

A

A media type that provides enough nutrients that allows for the growth of a broad array of organisms

90
Q

Identify the purpose of a gram stain

A

The gram stain is used to identify differences between Bacterial cell structure

91
Q

Describe the cell structure of a gram negative cell

A

Cell Membrane
Thin Cell Wall (peptidoglycan)
Cell Membrane

92
Q

Describe the cell structure of a gram positive cell

A

Thick Cell Wall (Peptidoglycal)
Cell Membrane

93
Q

Helminths are also called

A

Parasitic Worms

94
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable idea that is used to explain or further explore an existing occurence

95
Q

Immunocompromised

A

An impaired immune system that leads to a greater risk of acquiring infections, and a higher difficulty in fighting them off

96
Q

Inorganic Molecule

A

A molecule that does not contian BOTH carbon and hydrogen

97
Q

Ionization

A

The process by which a molecule or atom gains or loses an electron

Anion: Gains an electron and has a net negative charge

Cation: Loses an electron and has a net positive charge

98
Q

Magnification

A

The enlargement of an image

99
Q

Matter

A

Tangible materials that occupy space and have mass

100
Q

Media/Medium

A

A solid, liquid, or semisolid substance that is designed to support (or inhibit) the growth of microorganisms

101
Q

Microbiology

A

The scientific study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye

102
Q

Mixed Culture

A

A culture type is one that contains more than one type of organism in a media type

103
Q

Organism

A

A living thing that has the ability to function on its own

104
Q

What is a parasite?

A

An organism that requires a host to live and gets its food at the expense of the host

105
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

An organism that causes or can cause a disease

106
Q

Phylogeny

A

The study of the history of the evolution between groups of organisms

107
Q

What is a prion?

A

Misfolded proteins that are pathogenic and have the ability to damage and alter the nervous sytem

108
Q

What is a protozoan?

A

Single celled eukaryotic organisms

109
Q

Pure culture

A

A culture type that contains a single type of organism

110
Q

Resolution/Resolving Power

A

The ability of a microscope to distinguish two objects from each other

111
Q

Saturated vs Unsaturated fatty acids

A

Saturated fatty acids do not have a double bond and hydrogens surrounding the entire molecule

Unsatured fatty acids have a double bond and do not have hydrogens surrounding the entire molecule

112
Q

Spontaneous Generation

A

The theory that living organisms developed from nonliving matter

113
Q

Sterile

A

Completely free from microorganisms

114
Q

Taxonomy

A

A scheme or hierarchical classification of all living organisms

115
Q

Ubiquitous

A

Seemingly present everywhere

116
Q

Virus

A

Parasitic microbes composed of genetic material inside a protein coating

117
Q

Identify four professions that use microbiology

A

Medical Microbiology
Public Health + Epidemiology
Immunology
Environmental MIcrobiology
Agricultural MIcrobiology

118
Q

What are the three particles associated with atoms? What is the charge and where are they located

A

Protons + In the Nucleus
Neutrons 0 In the Nucleus
Electrons - In Orbitals

119
Q

What are the basic shapes of cells?

A

Bacillus (Rods)
Coccus (Spheres)
Spirochetes (Spirals)

BIO 2104 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions