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EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Impact of Microbes on Earth? (4)

A
  • Majority of Earths Oxygen
  • Through Endosymbiosis bacteria and archae gave rise to eukaryotic cells
  • Enrich soil
  • Clean Pollutants
  • Allow animals to digest substances
  • Sometimes cause disease
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2
Q

What qualities are required to say that evolution is a theory?

A
  • Documented everywhere, on all corners of the planet
  • Observable and testable by science
  • Tested by multiple researchers who get the same result
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3
Q

What is the difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote?
What are the direct translations of their names?

A

Prokaryote - “Before Nucleus” NO NUCLEUS

Eukaryote - “True Nucleus” HAS A NUCLEUS

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4
Q

True or False: Microscopic Organisms Produce More Oxygen Than Plants

A

True, microorganisms account for more than 70% of earth’s photosynthesis and contribute to the majority of the oxygen in the atmosphere

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5
Q

What is bioremediation? Describe an example

A

Bioremediation is the use of microorganisms for the betterment of the environment.
ex: Cleaning oil spills

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6
Q

What is the relative burden of human disease caused by microbes between developed countries and developing countries

A

Developed countries have access to healthcare, vaccines, and safe food and water sources with little to no contamination

Developing countries suffer from microbe diseases such as pneumonia, flu, tubercolosis, and diarrheal diseases.

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7
Q

True or False: All microbes cause disease. Explain

A

False, Only pathogenic microbes cause disease. These are very few in comparison with all other microbes

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8
Q

Bacteria vs Archaea vs Eukarya

A

They are the three domains of life

Eukarya: Have Nucleus + Organelles

Bacteria and Archaea: Have Neither
+ Are Unicellular

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9
Q

Compare the relative sizes of different microbes

A

Look at Grey Circles

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10
Q

Identify two types of acellular microorganisms. How do they live and what is this term called?

A

Prions and Viruses

They require a host to live off of
“Parasites”

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11
Q

In terms of size, how are eukaryotes different from bacteria and archaea

A

They are ten times larger because they have organelles and a nucleus

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12
Q

Why are helminths considered in the study of microbiology?

A

Their eggs are microscopic and they are parasitic (infectious, causing disease)

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13
Q

Theory

A

When a hypothesis is supported by a growing body of data and survives rigorous scrutiny

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14
Q

What are the taxonomic categories?

A

Did King Philip Come Over For Good Soup?

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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15
Q

What are the steps of the scientific method?

A

OQHEAC
Observe
Question
Hypothesis
Experiment
Analysis
Conclusion

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16
Q

How do we name organisms and write scientific names appropriately?

A

Capital Genus
Lowercase Species

Italicized (on computer)
Underlinesd (on paper)

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17
Q

What are the three major domains?

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

BAE

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18
Q

Explain the relationship between atoms and elements

A

Elements are made up of atoms, and the number of subatomic particles determines which element it is

Atoms are tiny particles that cannot be subdivided into smaller particles without losing its properties

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19
Q

Describe Covalent Bonds

A

Sharing electrons

Polar shares Unequally
Nonpolar shares Equally

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20
Q

Describe Ionic Bonds

A

Donating electrons from one molecule to another

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21
Q

Describe Hydrogen Bonds

A

Between separate molecules:
A weak bond between slightly positive hydrogen and another negative charge

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22
Q

What type of bond is within a water molecule?

A

Polar Covalent

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23
Q

What type of bond is found within DNA

A

Hydrogen

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24
Q

Identify the type of reaction:

A

Synthesis

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25
Identify the type of reaction:
Decomposition
26
Identify the type of reaction:
Exchange
27
What is a solute?
A substance that is dissolved (sugar)
28
What is a solvent?
A substance that has the ability to dissolve other substances (water)
29
pH above 7 What molecule does it have more of?
Basic (alkaline) Hydroxide
30
pH below 7 What molecule does it have more of?
Acidic Hydrogen
31
Molecule
2 or more atoms
32
Compound
2 or more different atoms
33
Is O2 a molecule, compound or both? Why
Molecule only (has two atoms but they are not different)
34
List the three types of bonds from strongest to weakest
Covalent Ionic Hydrogen Cats in Heaven
35
What makes a molecule organic?
It must contain carbon and hydrogen in the same molecule
36
Identify three reasons why carbon is essential to life
- Makes up all organic molecules - Can form four covalent bonds with different types of elements - Create diverse types of organic compounds
37
What are the four families of biochemicals?
Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids
38
What is an example of a carbohydrate
Lactose, Glucose, Polysaccharide
39
What is an examples of a lipid?
Phospholipids, Cholesterol
40
What is an example of a protein?
Amino Acids, Structural Proteins
41
What is an example of a nucelic acid?
ATP DNA RNA
42
Describe and draw the four levels of protein structures
Primary - Amino Acid Polypeptide Chain Seconday - Alpha helix, Beta Sheets Tertiary - 3D Folding Quaternary - Multiple 3D structures
43
What are the three components of nucleic acids?
Phosphate Sugar Nitrogenous Base (ATCGU)
44
What nitrogen bases are in DNA? RNA?
DNA - ATCG RNA - AUCG
45
What are the three components of ATP?
Adenine (nitrogenous base) Ribose Three Phosphates
46
What characteristics are common to all cells?
DNA Ribosome Cytoplasm Cell Membrane
47
What is the basic definition of a cell?
The fundamental units of life
48
Eukaryotic Cells vs Bacteria and Archaea
Bacteria and Archaea are both prokaryotes which mean that they do not have a nucleus or organelles whereas eukaryotic cells do Bacteria and Archaea are also ten times smaller than Prokaryotes
49
What are the five I's in order?
Inoculation Incubation Isolation Inspection Identification
50
Identifying the five I's: What does inoculation mean?
Sample is placed from one source to another
51
Identifying the five I's: What does Incubation mean?
Providing the proper growing condtions to grow microbes quickly (incubator)
52
Identifying the five I's: What does isolation mean?
Isolating the different types of microbes into individual colonies
53
Identifying the five I's: What does inspection mean?
Observation with the eye or microscope
54
Identifying the five I's: What does Identification mean?
Using tests to determine exact organisms
55
Identify the three physical states of media and describe when they are used
Liquid - Useful for growing large amounts of bacteria in bulk Semisolid - Used to see movement Solid - Usefult for isolating individual colonies
56
Selective Media
Inhibits the growth of other microbes and choose what we want to grow
57
Differential Media
All microbes grow but allows for some sort of observable differences between growth
58
What are examples of media that are both differential and selective?
Mannitol Salt Agar MacConkey Agar
59
When is Mannitol Salt Agar used?
Selects for Staphylococcus species because of high concentrations of salt Differentiates S. aureus and S. epidermidis
60
When is MacConkey Agar used?
Selects for Gram- bacteria and inhibits the growth of Gram+ bacteria Differentiates lactose and non lactose fermenters
61
What type of media is Blood Agar?
Differential and Enriched
62
Defined OR Synthetic Media
Has a known and stable concentration of nutrient(s)
63
Complex Media
Has some undefined components within it
64
Identify the two defintions of the term "culture'
Verb: The action of isolating colonies Noun: Growth on media
65
How do you convert among the (5) lengths of the metric system
m to cm (100) cm to mm (10) mm to µm (1000) µm to nm (1000)
66
Convert 3 cm to µm
30,000µm (multiply by 10 for mm and multiply by 1000 for µm)
67
Convert 700nm to µm
0.7µm (divide by 1000)
68
Convert 3nm to µm
0.003 µm
69
Identify the three elements of good microscopy
Resolution Magnification Contrast
70
What is the range and what can we see using a light microscope
Anything in the micrometer (µm) range Lots of Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
71
What is the range and what can we see under an electron microscope?
Anything in the nanometer range Viruses, Prions, DNA
72
Identify and describe the two main categories of stains
Positive Staining - Stain Organisms Negative Staining - Stain the Background
73
Crytal Violet Methylene Blue Safranin Malachite Green
Examples of Positive Stains
74
Nigrosin India Ink
Examples of Negative Stains
75
Describe a Simple Stain
Uses a single dye and tells us basic information about a cell like the shape, size, and arrangement
76
Describe a Differential Stain
Two different colored stains and is used to contrast cell TYPES or PARTS
77
Describe a Negative Stain
Stains the background ratehrn than the cells
78
Describe what the colors mean in a gram stain
G+ Purple G- Pink
79
Describe a Special Stain
Is used to look for and emphasize specific structures of a cell
80
Identify and describe three examples of special stains
Endospore: Distinguish endospores from vegatative cells Capsule: Identify capsules in some bacteria and fungi Flagellar: Identify flagella to determine motility
81
What is the total magnification of a specimen viewed with the 40x objective
400x
82
The use of biological systems for the betterment of the environment
Bioremediation
83
An enzyme that speeds up the rate of a reaction
Catalyst
84
A mass or group of organisms visible on an agar plate that originate from a single mother
Colony
85
The growth of undesired or unexpected elements present on or within a culture
Contaminated Culture
86
The colored difference between two objects
Contrast
87
Fixing Smears
Usually done with heat to ensure the organisms are not washed away with each of the following steps and to preserve cell characteristics
88
A kingdom of life under the Eukaryotic domain of life. These organismsare known as decomposers and are not to be confused with the kingdom Plantae
Fungi
89
General Media
A media type that provides enough nutrients that allows for the growth of a broad array of organisms
90
Identify the purpose of a gram stain
The gram stain is used to identify differences between Bacterial cell structure
91
Describe the cell structure of a gram negative cell
Cell Membrane Thin Cell Wall (peptidoglycan) Cell Membrane
92
Describe the cell structure of a gram positive cell
Thick Cell Wall (Peptidoglycal) Cell Membrane
93
Helminths are also called
Parasitic Worms
94
Hypothesis
A testable idea that is used to explain or further explore an existing occurence
95
Immunocompromised
An impaired immune system that leads to a greater risk of acquiring infections, and a higher difficulty in fighting them off
96
Inorganic Molecule
A molecule that does not contian BOTH carbon and hydrogen
97
Ionization
The process by which a molecule or atom gains or loses an electron Anion: Gains an electron and has a net negative charge Cation: Loses an electron and has a net positive charge
98
Magnification
The enlargement of an image
99
Matter
Tangible materials that occupy space and have mass
100
Media/Medium
A solid, liquid, or semisolid substance that is designed to support (or inhibit) the growth of microorganisms
101
Microbiology
The scientific study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye
102
Mixed Culture
A culture type is one that contains more than one type of organism in a media type
103
Organism
A living thing that has the ability to function on its own
104
What is a parasite?
An organism that requires a host to live and gets its food at the expense of the host
105
What is a pathogen?
An organism that causes or can cause a disease
106
Phylogeny
The study of the history of the evolution between groups of organisms
107
What is a prion?
Misfolded proteins that are pathogenic and have the ability to damage and alter the nervous sytem
108
What is a protozoan?
Single celled eukaryotic organisms
109
Pure culture
A culture type that contains a single type of organism
110
Resolution/Resolving Power
The ability of a microscope to distinguish two objects from each other
111
Saturated vs Unsaturated fatty acids
Saturated fatty acids do not have a double bond and hydrogens surrounding the entire molecule Unsatured fatty acids have a double bond and do not have hydrogens surrounding the entire molecule
112
Spontaneous Generation
The theory that living organisms developed from nonliving matter
113
Sterile
Completely free from microorganisms
114
Taxonomy
A scheme or hierarchical classification of all living organisms
115
Ubiquitous
Seemingly present everywhere
116
Virus
Parasitic microbes composed of genetic material inside a protein coating
117
Identify four professions that use microbiology
Medical Microbiology Public Health + Epidemiology Immunology Environmental MIcrobiology Agricultural MIcrobiology
118
What are the three particles associated with atoms? What is the charge and where are they located
Protons + In the Nucleus Neutrons 0 In the Nucleus Electrons - In Orbitals
119
What are the basic shapes of cells?
Bacillus (Rods) Coccus (Spheres) Spirochetes (Spirals)

BIO 2104 (10 decks)

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