BACTERIA CH 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the structures common to all bacterial cells

A

Cell Membrane
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
DNA (in the nucleoid region)

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2
Q

Identify 4 (/6) structures present in some bacteria

A

Cell Wall
Capsule
Pilus
Plasmid
Fimbriae
Flagella

CC, PP, FF

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3
Q

Identify the following structures and select which are present in all bacterial cells

A

A - Fimbriae
B - Cytoplasm*
C - DNA in Nucleoid*
D - Plasmid
E - Ribosomes*
F - Flagella
G - Pilus
H - Capsule
I - Cell Wall
J - Cell Membrane*

*Present in all Bacterial Cells

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4
Q

Identify and describe the general shapes of bacteria

A

Coccus - Circles
Bacillus - Rods
Vibrio - Any curve

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5
Q

Describe the general arrangements of cocci

A
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6
Q

Describe the general arrangements of bacilli

A
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7
Q

T/F Bacterial Fimbriae are used for conjugation

A

False; they are used to attach or hold onto things
Pili are used for conjugation

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8
Q

Capsules vs Biofilm

A

Capsules surround a single cell and is used as protection against phagocytosis

Biofilm surrounds entire cell communities

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9
Q

Function of Flagella

A

Long tail-like appendages that allow for true motility, and in some cases, attatchment

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10
Q

Function of Axial Fillaments

A

Inching Motion

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11
Q

Function of Fimbriae

A

Attatchment + Holding onto other cells (strep throat remaining in our pharynx)

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12
Q

Function of Pili

A

Attatchment from one bacteria to another; allows for the exchange of DNA from the plasmid
“bacterial sex”

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13
Q

Identify and describe the two types of chemotaxis

A

Positive Chemotaxis - Movement toward a favorable chemical stimulus
Negative Chemotaxis - Movement away from a potentially harmful chemical stimulus

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14
Q

You successfully complete a gram stain and all of your bacteria are pink. What does this tell about the structure of the bacterial species

A

GRAM-
Outer Membrane
Thin Peptidoglycan Layer (Cell Wall)
Inner Membrane

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15
Q

Describe Gram- Bacteria

A

Pink

Outer Membrane
Thin Peptidoglycan Layer (Cell Wall)
Inner Membrane

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16
Q

Describe Gram+ Bacteria

A

Purple

Thick Peptidoglycan Layer (Cell Wall)
Cell Membrane

17
Q

Describe the gram stain procedure + Purpose + What the cells look like at each (major) step

A
  • Place cells on a slide and let dry
  • When dry, heat fix
  • Add Crystal Violet Dye (Both cells purple)
  • Add Grams Iodine (mordant sticks the dye to G+ cells; both purple)
  • Alcohol (rinses away crystal violet in G- cells; G+ Purple, G- Clear)
  • Add Safranin (G+ Purple, G- Pink)
18
Q

How do Antibiotics work?

A

They work by targetting the peptidoglycan layer in bacteria (or 70s ribosomes);
- This mainly effects G+ Bacteria because they have a thick and exposed peptidoglycan layer
- This is not as effective in G- cells because they have porin proteins that can send the antibiotic in the opposite direction

19
Q

Which type of bacterial infections are most difficult to treat?

20
Q

How does the outer membrane of gram- bacteria contribute to disease symptoms

A

Gram- Bacteria have an outer cell membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides (LPS) that can lead to fever and shock reactions

21
Q

How do Porin Proteins contribute to disease

A

They are found in the outer cell membrane of G- bacteria. Antibiotics work by targeting peptidoglycan but the porin proteins have the ability to send the antibiotics in the opposite direction stopping the effectiveness of the drug

22
Q

How do Lipopolysaccharide contribute to disease

A

Found on the outer cell membrane of G- bacteria. When the bacterial cell is killed, lipopolysaccharides enter the bloodstream. Our body is then led to believe that we have a systemic infection and when we try to fight it we get high fevers, our blood volume drops, and we have shock reactions

23
Q

T/F: Plasmids are vital to the metabolism of bacterial cells

A

False; plasmids contain genes that are considered “nice to have” but are NOT NECESSARY; superpowers

24
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm?

A

Suspend organelles within the cell

25
Bacterial vs Eukaryotic Ribosomes. What is the significance of this difference?
Bacteria - 70s Eukaryotes - 80s Bacterial ribosomes are slightly smaller. This difference allows us to create antibiotics that target the 70s ribosomes
26
Describe Vegetative Cells
This is the active form This occurs when the cell receives proper and adequate nutrients
27
Describe Endospores
The inactive form; This occurs when the cell is not receiving proper or adequate nutrients; In this state they can withstand and resist ordinary cleanining methods and harmful environments including extreme high and low temps
28
Describe Sporulation
The process by which a vegetative cell turns into an endospore when the conditions and environment are not suitable for living
29
Describe Germination
The process by which an endospore turns into a vegatative cell when the conditions are ideal and suitable for living
30
Do bacterial cells have a nucleus?
No, the DNA resides in an area called the nucleoid
31
Is bacterial DNA circular or linear?
Circular; still a double helix but with no relative end like in eukaryotes
32
Tetanus vs Botulism
Tetanus - Tense muscles Botulism - Limp muscles Both very deadly in similar ways
33
What is the function of the cytoplasmic membrane
Allows nutrients in + Lets wastes out Create a structure to hold everything inside Barrier from the environment
34
Extremophile
Extreme Loving
35
Methanogen
Methane Producer
36
Halophile
Salt Loving
37
Psychrophile
Cold Loving
38
Hyperthermophile
Extreme heat loving
39
T/F Archaea do not cause human disease
False; ie: gingivitis