EUKARYOTES CH 5 Flashcards
Identify the four groups of eukaryotes discussed in class and identify whether they are unicellular, multicellular or both
Protozoans - Unicellular
Fungi + Algae - Unicellular OR Multicellular
Helminths - Multicellular
How did eukaryotic functions change over time?
They started off unicellular and independent
- Eukaryotes have since evolved to become multicellular; each with unique functions that benefit the entire organism
T/F: Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes evolved independently
False; Through endosymbiosis eukaryotes got mitochondria and chloroplasts
What is the endosymbiont theory?
The idea that one prokaryote engulfed another prokaryote and developed to form eukaryotic cells with mitochondria and chloroplasts
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cell Walls
Prokaryote - Peptidoglycan
Eukaryote - Chitin OR Cellulose
What is the cell wall composed of in different Eukaryotic organisms
Fungi - Chitin
Algae - Cellulose
T/F: All Eukaryotic cells have a cell membrane
True; this includes ALL cells.
Identify the following structures and select which are present in all Eukaryotic cells
A - Chloroplast
B - Nucleus*
C - Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum*
D - Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum*
E - Mitochondria*
F - Cell Membrane*
G - Cell Wall
H - Flagella
I - Cilia
J - Golgi Apparatus*
K - Cytoskeleton*
L - Ribosomes*
Identify the structures common to all eukaryotic cells
- Nucleus
- Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Mitrochondria
- Cell Membrane
- Golgi Apparatus
- Cytoskeleton
- Ribosomes
Identify the structures present in some eukaryotic cells
- Cilia
- Flagella
- Chloroplasts
- Cell Wall
Which structure surrounds the entire cell and is selectively permeable, allowing in some things, but limiting others
Cell membrane
Which organelle is responsible for housing the DNA in a eukaryotic cell
Nucleus
Which organelle is responsible for packaging and transporting proteins
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis
Chloroplast
Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis and storage of lipids and nonprotein molecules
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Which organelle modifies proteins so they could be sent out and around the cell
Golgi Apparatus
What is the order of protein formation?
- DNA is transcribed into mRNA
- mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the ribosome for protein synthesis
- Sent to the rough ER
- Sent to Golgi apparatus to modify the protein and get it sent to where it needs to go in vessicles
Mitochondria Cristae + Matrix Functions
Cristae - Center for Aerobic Respiration + ATP formation
Matrix - Holds (70s) Ribosomes + (circular) DNA + Other enxymes and compounds used in metabolism
Why do mitochondria and chloroplasts have circular DNA and 70s ribosomes
They are prokaryotic structures that were engulfed in endosymbiosis
T/F: Fungal spores have a tough outer coating that allows them to survive in extreme conditions
False;
Fungal spores are not to be confused with endospores. A Fungal spore is a reproductive structure
Asexual fungal spores contained in a sac like head
Sporangiospores
What are the microscopic fungi? Which is unicellar and multicellular
Mold - Multicellular
Yeast - Unicellular
What is hyphae? What fungi produce hyphae?
Long threadllike cells found in MOLD
What is pseudohyphae? What fungi produce pseudohyphae?
Chains of unicellular YEAST cells; can look like the long threadlike cells found in mold
Conidaspore vs Sporgangiospores
Conidaspore - Breaking off hyphae (long threads found in mold)
Sporangiospores - Reporductive sacs
How do most fungal infections occur in humans?
Contact with soil, water, or dust
What is the primary function of fungi?
Decompose material + Return essential minerals to soil
T/F: Pathogenic fungi always require a host to complete their life cycle
False; If they require a host they are parasitic NOT pathogenic
Define a protist
Any eukaryotic unicellular or colonial organism that lacks true tisses;
This means that cells are not specialized to carry out a single function; they can work together but not divide work for the greater organism
What are the five organisms in the kingdom protista
Dinoflagellates
Algae
Ciliates
Amoebas
Slime Molds
DACAS
Why do fungi infect humans?
They do not want to infect humans; when they do it’s because we came into contact with one another (but they do not want to be there)
What kingdom is algae in? How does it work?
Protista
They are multicellular, but work independently from one another (they lack true tissues)
Identify and describe the two stages of life in protozoans. Compare this to similar structures
Trophozoites - Active stage (vegetative cell)
Cyst - Dormant resting phase when conditions are unfavorable for growth (endospore)
T/F: Algae dont cause any type of human disease
False; cyanobacteria cause toxic diseases
T/F: All protozoa have a trophozoite form, but not all produce cysts
True;
Cysts only form when conditions are not ideal for the protozoa
What term do we use to describe protozoan and helminth pathogens
Parasite
T/F Helminths can reproduce in all of their hosts
False; they can only reproduce in the definitive host
Identify the helminth stages of life and what host each lives in
Egg -
Larvae - Intermediate Host
Adult - Definitive Host
In which host does larval development occur?
Intermediate
Do helminths have tissues and organs? What does this mean?
Yes, this means that are cells with specialized functions in different areas
Describe the lifecyle of the pinworm
Person comes into contact with microscopic eggs and ingests them
The larave hatch in the small intestines and grow over the course of a month
Pregnant pinworms migrate through the colon to the anus where they lay eggs outside of the rectum
These eggs are itchyand the person scratches and get it on their hands
Infected person can reinfect themselves and/or other people they come into contact with
Who do helminths want as their definitive host?
Humans
List the four types of eukaryotes studied by microbiologists
Helminths, Protozoans, Algae, Fungi
