microbial diseases(항결핵, 항진균, 항바이러스약)

Question 1

Isoniazid :A synthetic analog of __________

Answer 1

pyridoxine

Question 2

Isoniazid 대표적인 AE 2가지?

Answer 2

Peripheral Neuritis, Hepatitis and idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity

Question 3

Blocks transcription by interacting with the b subunit of bacterial but not human DNA-dep. RNA pol.

Adverse effects
➢ a harmless orange-red color to urine, sweat, and tears

Answer 3

Rifampin

Question 4

Rifampin is _________ of CYP 450

Answer 4

induction

Question 5

경구로 투여하는 항결핵약 5가지?

Answer 5

isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, rifabutin

Question 6

항결핵약 중에

retrobulbar neuritis (loss of visual acuity and red-green color blindness)

hyperuricemia (acute gouty arthritis)
이러한 AE를 가지는 약은?

Answer 6

ethambutol

Question 7

Alternative 2nd-line drugs for TB

a folate synthesis antagonist that is active almost exclusively against M tuberculosis.

Gastrointestinal symptoms are common (peptic ulceration and hemorrhage

Answer 7

p-Aminosalicylic acid (PAS)

Question 8

an inhibitor of cell wall synthesis
• Inhibition of Ala racemase and D-alanyl-D-alanine synthetase
• it is used almost exclusively to treat tuberculosis caused by strains of M. tuberculosis resistant to first-line agents.

Answer 8

Cycloserine

Question 9

결핵약의 최후의 수단으로 생각해

used in combination with other second- and third-line drugs to treat patients with tuberculosis caused by multidrug-resistant strains

Answer 9

Linezolid

Question 10

inhibits folate synthesis.
• Resistance can emerge in large populations of M leprae, if very low doses are given.
The combination of ____________, rifampin, and clofazimine is recommended for initial therapy.

Answer 10

dapsone

Question 11

• difficult to distinguish reactions to dapsone from manifestations of the underlying illness.
• may be suppressed by corticosteroids or by thalidomide.(면역억제제)

Answer 11

Erythema nodosum leprosum (나성결절홍반)

Question 12

___________: infectious diseases cased by fungi

Answer 12

Mycoses

Question 13

fungi _______ rather than cholesterol in the fungal cell membrane, which is useful for the target.

Answer 13

Ergosterol

Question 14

Binding to ergosterol → alteration of the permeability by forming ______________-
associated pores → allows the leakage of intracellular ions/macromolecules → cell death.

Answer 14

amphotericin B

Question 15

triazole 계와 ________은 서로 길항작용을 갖는다.
왜냐하면 ________은 ergosterol에 결합해야지 작용할 수 있기 때문이다.

Answer 15

Amphotericin B

Question 16

Synergism with amphotericin B (related to enhanced penetration of the _____________)

Answer 16

flucytosine

Question 17

The adverse effects of ___________ result from metabolism (possibly by intestinal flora) to the toxic antineoplastic compound fluorouracil.
• Bone marrow toxicity (the most common adverse effects)
• anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia are

Answer 17

flucytosine

Question 18

• the first oral azole introduced into clinical use.
• less selective for fungal P450 than are the newer azoles. (systemic ketoconazole has fallen out of clinical use)
• Inhibit mammalian CYP450
→ potentiate the toxicities of drugs such as cyclosporine, phenytoin, tolbutamide, and warfarin

Answer 18

Ketoconazole

Question 19

The antifungal activity of azole drugs results from the reduction of ergosterol synthesis by inhibition of fungal cytochrome P450 enzymes.

Answer 19

azole계, 예로 ketoconazole

Question 20

inhibits the fungal enzyme squalene epoxidase

→ leading to inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis
→ also accumulation of the sterol squalene, which is toxic to the organism.

Answer 20

Terbinafine

Question 21

➢ it is accumulated in newly forming skin where it binds to keratin, protecting the skin from new infection
: Due to the disruption of the mitotic spindle and inhibition of fungal mitosis
➢ Clinical use: the systemic treatment of dermatophytosis

Answer 21

Griseofulvin

Question 22

_______: block the M2 proton ion channel of the virus particle and inhibit uncoating of the viral RNA within infected host cells, thus preventing its replication.
• They are active against influenza A only.

Answer 22

Amantadine* and Rimantadine

Question 23

_____________ is a weak antagonist of the NMDA-type glutamate receptor, increases dopamine release, and blocks dopamine reuptake. This makes it a weak therapy for Parkinson’s disease.

Answer 23

Amantadine

Question 24

____________ interfere with release of progeny influenza virus from infected to new host cells, thus halting the spread of infection within the respiratory tract.
• competitively and reversibly interact with the active enzyme site to inhibit neuraminidase activity.

Answer 24

Oseltamivir/Zanamivir

Question 25

By inhibiting the synthesis of GTP, inhibiting viral messenger RNA capping, and inhibiting the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of certain viruses.

Answer 25

Rivavirin

Question 26

anti-influenza agents이고 inhibits the replication of a wide range of DNA/RNA viruses, including influenza A/B, HCV, and HIV-1.

Answer 26

rivavirin

Question 27

NRTIs 약 4가지는?

Answer 27

Zidovudine, Stavudine, Zalcitabine, Lamivudine

Question 28

NRTIs have activity against ______,________.

Answer 28

HIV-2 , HIV-1

Question 29

_________ neither compete with nucleoside triphosphates nor require phosphorylation to be active. HSv-2에 효과없음

Answer 29

NNRTIs

Question 30

NNRTIs 약 4가지?

Answer 30

Nevirapine, Delavirdine, Efavirenz, Etravirine

Question 31

By preventing post-translational cleavage of the _____________, protease inhibitors (PIs) prevent the processing of viral proteins into functional conformations, resulting in the production of immature, noninfectious viral particles.

Answer 31

Gag-Pol polyprotein

Question 32

Protease Inhibitors 3가지 약은?

Answer 32

Saquinavir, Indinavir, Ritonavir

Question 33

entry inhibitor이자 chemokine and CD4 receptors의 결합을 막는 약은?

Answer 33

Maraviroc

Question 34

entry inhibitors이자 HIV의 attachment and fusion을 막는 약은?

Answer 34

Enfuvirtide

Question 35

___________ binds specifically and selectively to CCR5, one of two coreceptors necessary for entrance of HIV into CD4 + cells, thus blocking entry of CCR5-tropic HIV into these cells.

Answer 35

Maraviroc

Question 36

___________ binds to the gp41 subunit of the viral envelope glycoprotein.

Answer 36

Enfuvirtide : Fusion Inhibitor

Question 37

a pyrimidinone analog that binds integrase, a viral enzyme essential to the replication of both HIV-1 and HIV-2. integrase inhibitor인 2가지약은?

Answer 37

Raltegravir, Dolutegravir

Question 38

herpes virus가 가지고 있는 dna polymerases을 뭐라 하는가?

Answer 38

thymidine kinases

Question 39

Acyclovir molecules entering the cell are converted to acyclovir monophosphate by ____________.

Answer 39

virus-induced thymidine kinase

Question 40

Agents to treat Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) & Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) Infections

Answer 40

Acyclovir

Question 41

Complementary sequence to mRNA for the major immediate-early transcriptional region of CMV. phosphrothioate oligonucleotide

Answer 41

Fomivirsen