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Biology Paper 1 > Micro-organisms > Flashcards

Micro-organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

What are micro-organisms ?

A

Microscopic organisms

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2
Q

Pathogenic ?

Non - pathogenic ?

A

Disease causing organisms

Harmless

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3
Q

Characteristics of a virus

A 
Microscopic
Non-living
Reproduce inside living cell
Pathogenic
Mutate constantly
Can remain dormant inside living cell
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4
Q

Name 3 different shapes of a virus

A

Polyhedral
Helical
Bacteriophage

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5
Q

Bacteriophage ?

A

A virus that parasitizes a bacteria

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6
Q

What makes viruses hard to cure?

A

They mutate constantly

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7
Q

Structure of virus

A

Acellular (no nucleus or cytoplasm or organelles)
Central part of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA but not both)
Nucleic acid surrounded my protein coat (capsid)
Capsid covered by envelope of lipid layer

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8
Q

Are viruses parasitic ?

A

Yes - they use the host cell to live in and often destroy the host cell

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9
Q

What kingdom does bacteria belong to?

A

Monera Kingdom

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10
Q

Characteristics of bacteria

A 
Most diverse & abundant organism
Inhabit all environments
Most are useful BUT some are pathogenic
Unicellular 
Living 
Reproduce by binary fission 
Can become dormant in unfavorable conditions
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11
Q

Name the 3 shapes of bacteira

A

Spherical
Rod
Spiral

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12
Q

Structure of bacteria

A

Protective rigid cell wall
Single chromosome - contains DNA
Pathogenic bacteria have waxy cuticle
Flagella for movement

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13
Q

Binary fission?

A

Asexual process whereby a single cell divides into two with identical DNA

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14
Q

Protista common characteristics

A

Single celled eukaryotes
Live in moist environments
Reproduce asexually

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15
Q

Name 1 subcategories of Protisa Kingdom

A

Plant-like Protisa

Animal-like Protista

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16
Q

Characteristics of Plant-like Protisa

A 
Aquatic 
Autotrophic (make their own food)
Release O2 
Free- floating
Reproduce asexually
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17
Q

Characteristics of Animal-like Protista

A

Unicellular
Microscopic
Heterotrophs
Divided according to locomotion

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18
Q

Name 4 locomotions

A

Amoeboids - false feet
Ciliates - cilia
Flagellates - flagella
Parasites- vector

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19
Q

Characteristics of Fungi

A

Free living
Heterotrophs
Saprophytic
Can be parasitic

20
Q

Name 3 different ways in which fungi can reproduce

A

Sexually - resistant zygospores
Asexually - spores
Budding

21
Q

Saprophytic?

A

Feeding on dead organisms and decaying matter

22
Q

Structure of Fungi

A 
Mass of branched filaments
--> hyphae 
Repeating branching of hyphae 
--> network --> mycelium (vegetative body)
Spore-producing bodies 
--> sporangia
23
Q

5 functions of micro-organisms

A 
Plant degraders
Micro-regulators of nutrients 
Regeneration of O2
Nitrogen-fixers
Biological control agents
24
Q

Symbiosis?

A

Close association between 2 different species

25
Q

Mutualism ?

A

Both species benefit

26
Q

Parasitism ?

A

One benefits; other is harmed

27
Q

Commensalism ?

A

Neither is harmed; but one benefits

28
Q 
Examples of the following types of diseases:
Viral
Bacterial
Protistan 
Fungal
A

Viral - HIV/AIDS
Bacterial - Tuberculosis
Protistan - Malaria
Fungal - Rusts

29
Q

HIV stand for ?

A

Human immunodeficiency virus

30
Q

AIDS stand for ?

A

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

31
Q

What doe HIV/AIDS do?

A

Destroys important immune system cells

32
Q

How can the process from HIV to AIDS be slowed down?

A

Antiretrovirals

33
Q

What does TB affect?

A

Lung tissue

- can then move to rest of body

34
Q

How is TB contracted ?

A

Inhaling infected droplets

35
Q

How is malaria transmitted?

A

Through a bite from an infected mosquito

36
Q

How can Malaria be prevented?

A

ITN’s (insecticide infected nets)
Spraying with DDT
Vaccinations

37
Q

What is a vaccination?

A

Process of giving a vaccine to a person, by injection or orally, to make them immune to a disease

38
Q

How does a vaccine work ?

A

A vaccine is a suspension of dead/ weakened pathogens that will stimulate the production of antibodies by the T lymphocytes which will cause immunity

39
Q

What is an antibiotic ?

A

A drug that fights infection caused by bacteria

40
Q

Cons to antibiotics

A

Bacteria can become resistant

If course is not completed: bacteria will mutate & a new disease will form with no cure

41
Q

First line of defence ?

A

Skin

- prevents entry of germs

42
Q

Second line of defence ?

A 
Primary response
- destroy germs & prevent spreading
- inflammation & fever
Secondary response
- activate immune system
43
Q

Name 2 immune processes involving white blood cells

A

Lymphocytes

Phagocytes

44
Q

B lymphocytes ?

A

Recognise germ specific antigen
Release antibodies
Antibodies destroy/ neutralise germ

45
Q

T lymphocytes?

A

CD4 cells start immune response

Killer T cells destroy infected body cells/ parasites

46
Q

Phagocytosis ?

A

Large Lymphocytes that can change their shape & can engulf other germs

  • move around looking for germs
  • can squeeze through gaps in capillary walls
  • when it comes in contact with a germ it surrounds/ engulfs it and enzymes destroy the germ

Biology Paper 1 (11 decks)

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