Micro-organisms

Question 1

What are micro-organisms ?

Answer 1

Microscopic organisms

Question 2

Pathogenic ?

Non - pathogenic ?

Answer 2

Disease causing organisms

Harmless

Question 3

Characteristics of a virus

Answer 3

Microscopic
Non-living
Reproduce inside living cell
Pathogenic
Mutate constantly
Can remain dormant inside living cell

Question 4

Name 3 different shapes of a virus

Answer 4

Polyhedral
Helical
Bacteriophage

Question 5

Bacteriophage ?

Answer 5

A virus that parasitizes a bacteria

Question 6

What makes viruses hard to cure?

Answer 6

They mutate constantly

Question 7

Structure of virus

Answer 7

Acellular (no nucleus or cytoplasm or organelles)
Central part of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA but not both)
Nucleic acid surrounded my protein coat (capsid)
Capsid covered by envelope of lipid layer

Question 8

Are viruses parasitic ?

Answer 8

Yes - they use the host cell to live in and often destroy the host cell

Question 9

What kingdom does bacteria belong to?

Answer 9

Monera Kingdom

Question 10

Characteristics of bacteria

Answer 10

Most diverse & abundant organism
Inhabit all environments
Most are useful BUT some are pathogenic
Unicellular 
Living 
Reproduce by binary fission 
Can become dormant in unfavorable conditions

Question 11

Name the 3 shapes of bacteira

Answer 11

Spherical
Rod
Spiral

Question 12

Structure of bacteria

Answer 12

Protective rigid cell wall
Single chromosome - contains DNA
Pathogenic bacteria have waxy cuticle
Flagella for movement

Question 13

Binary fission?

Answer 13

Asexual process whereby a single cell divides into two with identical DNA

Question 14

Protista common characteristics

Answer 14

Single celled eukaryotes
Live in moist environments
Reproduce asexually

Question 15

Name 1 subcategories of Protisa Kingdom

Answer 15

Plant-like Protisa

Animal-like Protista

Question 16

Characteristics of Plant-like Protisa

Answer 16

Aquatic 
Autotrophic (make their own food)
Release O2 
Free- floating
Reproduce asexually

Question 17

Characteristics of Animal-like Protista

Answer 17

Unicellular
Microscopic
Heterotrophs
Divided according to locomotion

Question 18

Name 4 locomotions

Answer 18

Amoeboids - false feet
Ciliates - cilia
Flagellates - flagella
Parasites- vector

Question 19

Characteristics of Fungi

Answer 19

Free living
Heterotrophs
Saprophytic
Can be parasitic

Question 20

Name 3 different ways in which fungi can reproduce

Answer 20

Sexually - resistant zygospores
Asexually - spores
Budding

Question 21

Saprophytic?

Answer 21

Feeding on dead organisms and decaying matter

Question 22

Structure of Fungi

Answer 22

Mass of branched filaments
--> hyphae 
Repeating branching of hyphae 
--> network --> mycelium (vegetative body)
Spore-producing bodies 
--> sporangia

Question 23

5 functions of micro-organisms

Answer 23

Plant degraders
Micro-regulators of nutrients 
Regeneration of O2
Nitrogen-fixers
Biological control agents

Question 24

Symbiosis?

Answer 24

Close association between 2 different species

Question 25

Mutualism ?

Answer 25

Both species benefit

Question 26

Parasitism ?

Answer 26

One benefits; other is harmed

Question 27

Commensalism ?

Answer 27

Neither is harmed; but one benefits

Question 28

``` Examples of the following types of diseases: Viral Bacterial Protistan Fungal ```

Answer 28

Viral - HIV/AIDS Bacterial - Tuberculosis Protistan - Malaria Fungal - Rusts

Question 29

HIV stand for ?

Answer 29

Human immunodeficiency virus

Question 30

AIDS stand for ?

Answer 30

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Question 31

What doe HIV/AIDS do?

Answer 31

Destroys important immune system cells

Question 32

How can the process from HIV to AIDS be slowed down?

Answer 32

Antiretrovirals

Question 33

What does TB affect?

Answer 33

Lung tissue | - can then move to rest of body

Question 34

How is TB contracted ?

Answer 34

Inhaling infected droplets

Question 35

How is malaria transmitted?

Answer 35

Through a bite from an infected mosquito

Question 36

How can Malaria be prevented?

Answer 36

ITN's (insecticide infected nets) Spraying with DDT Vaccinations

Question 37

What is a vaccination?

Answer 37

Process of giving a vaccine to a person, by injection or orally, to make them immune to a disease

Question 38

How does a vaccine work ?

Answer 38

A vaccine is a suspension of dead/ weakened pathogens that will stimulate the production of antibodies by the T lymphocytes which will cause immunity

Question 39

What is an antibiotic ?

Answer 39

A drug that fights infection caused by bacteria

Question 40

Cons to antibiotics

Answer 40

Bacteria can become resistant | If course is not completed: bacteria will mutate & a new disease will form with no cure

Question 41

First line of defence ?

Answer 41

Skin | - prevents entry of germs

Question 42

Second line of defence ?

Answer 42

``` Primary response - destroy germs & prevent spreading - inflammation & fever Secondary response - activate immune system ```

Question 43

Name 2 immune processes involving white blood cells

Answer 43

Lymphocytes | Phagocytes

Question 44

B lymphocytes ?

Answer 44

Recognise germ specific antigen Release antibodies Antibodies destroy/ neutralise germ

Question 45

T lymphocytes?

Answer 45

CD4 cells start immune response | Killer T cells destroy infected body cells/ parasites

Question 46

Phagocytosis ?

Answer 46

Large Lymphocytes that can change their shape & can engulf other germs - move around looking for germs - can squeeze through gaps in capillary walls - when it comes in contact with a germ it surrounds/ engulfs it and enzymes destroy the germ