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Biology Paper 1 > Human Gaseous Exchange > Flashcards

Human Gaseous Exchange Flashcards

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1
Q

Gaseous exchange ?

A

A process whereby oxygen diffuses across a respiratory surface in one direction and carbon dioxide in the other direction

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2
Q

The 4 things that make up the breathing systems

A

Air passages
Lungs
Breathing muscles
Breathing center in brain

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3
Q

What are air passages lined with?

A

Mucus membrane made up of ciliated columnar epithelium

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4
Q

What secrets the mucus?

A

Goblet cells

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5
Q

Nasal cavity?

A

Air is drawn into nasal cavity where it is filtered, moistened & warmed to body temperature

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6
Q

Epiglottis ?

A

Small flap of cartilaginous tissue that closes air passage when food is swallowed

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7
Q

Where is the trachea situated?

A

In front of oesophagus

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8
Q

Wider part at the top of the trachea is known as the ?

A

Larynx

  • 2 vocal chords in cartilaginous box
  • elastic bands vibrate to produce sounds when air flows over them
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9
Q

What keeps the trachea open?

A

C- shaper rings of cartilage

- open side of C is next to oesophagus which allows it to expand when food passes down

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10
Q

Inner lining of trachea produces mucus & covered in cilia. Why?

A

To catch dust particles & germs which are sent upwards & coughed out

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11
Q

Trachea then separates into ?

A

Left & right bronchus

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12
Q

Bronchus –> _______

A

Bronchioles

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13
Q

Bronchioles –> _______

A

Alveolar ducts into alveoli

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14
Q

Name of the space between the two lungs

A

Mediastinum

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15
Q

What membrane surrounds each lung?

A

Pleural

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16
Q

How many lobes does each lung have & why?

A

Right - 3 - lies further away from the heart

Left - 2

17
Q

Name the two sets of muscles used for breathing

A

Diaphragm

External & internal intercostal muscles

18
Q

What does the pleural fluid do ?

A

Prevents friction

19
Q

Many blood capillaries are wrapped around the outside of the alveoli. What are these walls made up of ?

A

Single layer of squamous cells

20
Q

Air will ONLY move in & out of the lungs if there is a ___________ between the air in the atmosphere & air in the lunges

A

Difference in air pressure

21
Q

Inspiration?

A
  • air pressure inside lungs must be lower
  • contraction of external intercostal muscles cause ribcage to move upwards & outwards
  • diaphragm contracts & becomes flat in order to enlarge thoracic cavity
  • volume of thoracic cavity & lungs increase
  • causes air to flow into the lungs
22
Q

Expiration?

A
  • external intercostal muscles relax causing ribcage to move downwards & inwards
  • diaphragm relaxes & becomes dome shaped
  • volume of thoracic cavity & lungs decrease
  • pressure in the thoracic cavity & lungs increase
  • air will flow out of lungs
23
Q

Blood in capillaries have a:
Low concentration of ______
High concentration of _______

A

Low - oxygen

High - carbon dioxide

24
Q

Oxygen will diffuse from where to where ?

A

Air in the alveoli through the gas exchange membranes into the blood

25
Q

CO2 will diffuse from where to where ?

A

From the blood in the capillaries through the gas exchange membranes into the air in the alveoli - then it its breathed out

26
Q

4 molecules of oxygen + haemoglobin = ?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

27
Q

Most oxygen diffuse into the ______ rather than blood plasma

A

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

28
Q

Carbon dioxide + haemoglobin = ?

A

Carbaminohaemoglobin

29
Q

What is the breathing centre responsible for ?

A

Homeostatic control of breathing

30
Q

What is the medulla oblongata made up of ?

A

Respiratory & cardiovascular centre

31
Q

Lung capacity?

A

Amount of air that enters or leaves the lungs

32
Q

What instrument is used to measure how much air is taken into the lungs?

A

Spirometer

33
Q

Asthma ?

A

Bronchi contracting spasm , narrowing airways & causing shortness of breath & wheezing

34
Q

TB ?

A

Destroys cells in alveoli

35
Q

Emphysema ?

A

Alveoli gradually destroyed

36
Q

Main form in which carbon dioxide is carried in the blood ?

A

Bicarbonate ions

Biology Paper 1 (11 decks)

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