Micro High Yield Flashcards
1
Q
6 bugs that don’t gram stain well
A
Treponema palladium (visualize on darkfield microscopy) Rickettsia (intracellular) Mycobacteria (acid fast) Mycoplasma (no cell wall) Legionella (sliver stain) Chlamydia (intracellular)
2
Q
Bugs that stain with Giemsa stain
A
Chlamydia, Borrelia, Rickettsia, Trypanosomes, Plasmodium
3
Q
Ziehl Neeson is a stain that correlates with what type of bacteria
A
Acid fast bacteria
4
Q
Typical bug that stains with India Ink
A
Cryptococcus neoformans
5
Q
Bugs that stain with silver stain
A
fungi, Legionella, H. pylori
6
Q
What makes up Thayer-Martin Agar and what grows on it?
A
VPN (vancomycin, polymixin, nystatin) and it grows Neisseria
7
Q
Agar that grows Clostridium diptheriae
A
Tellurite Lofflers
8
Q
Fungi grow on this type of agar
A
Sabaroud dextrose
9
Q
Legionella grows on this type of agar
A
Charcoal yeast with cysteine and iron
10
Q
These bugs grow on Hektoen Enteric agar
A
Salmonella, Shigella, E. coli, Klebsiella
11
Q
Vibrio cholera grows on
A
TCBS
12
Q
Aminoglycosides are ineffective against these types of organisms
A
obligate anaerobes (AG’s need O2 to work)
13
Q
Organisms that are catalase positive
A
Pseudomonas, Listeria, Aspergillus, Candida, E. coli, Staph A, Serratia
14
Q
Toxins that inhibit protein synthesis
A
C. diptheria, Pseudomonas (both inactivate IL2); Shigella, EHEC (both inactivate 60s ribosome)
15
Q
Toxins that increase cAMP
A
Vibrio cholera (increase Cl secretion-"rice water") Bacillus anthracis (edema) ETEC (labile-increases Cl secretion; stabile- decreases NaCl absorbtion) Bordetella pertussis (disables Gi, impairs phagocytosis)
16
Q
Toxins that affect nerve transmission (cleave SNARE)
A
C. tetani- rigidity, lockjaw, no release of GABA or glycine
C. botulinum- flaccid paralysis, inhibits release of Ach.
17
Q
toxins that lyse membranes
A
C. perfringens: alpha toxin, myonecrosis
Strep pyogenes: streptolysin O lyses RBC
18
Q
Superantigens of Strep pyogenes and Staph A causing TSS.
A
Strep: Exotoxin A
Staph: TSST1
19
Q
How to differentiate Beta hemolytic strep
A
Sensitive to Bacitracin: Strep pyogenes
Resistant to Bacitracin: Strep agalacticae
20
Q
How to differentiate Alpha hemolytic strep
A
Sensitive to Optochin: Strep pneumo
Resistant to Optochin: Viridians strep
21
Q
How to differentiate Coagulase negative strep
A
Sensitive to Novobiocin: Staph Epidermis
Resistant to Novobiocin: Staph Saprophyticis
22
Q
Strep pneumo is the most common cause of these 4 diseases
A
MOPS: meningitis, otitis media, pneumonia, sinusitis
23
Q
Strep bovis has a high association with
A
colon cancer
24
Q
Common infections caused by and characteristics of Pseudomonas
A
Acronym: PSEUDOmonas Pneumonia (CF patients) Sepsis External otitis UTI Drug use Osteomyelitis (in diabetics) (hot tub folliculitis)
25
Differentiate between Salmonella and Shigella
Salmonella: H2S +
Shigella: H2S -
26
E. coli strain responsible for Traveler's diarrhea (watery)
ETEC; labile and stable toxins. No mucosa invasion.
27
E. coli strain responsible for Hemolytic uremic syndrome (anemia, thrombocytopenia and renal failure)
EHEC O157:H7 virulence factor is the Shiga-like toxin (doesn't ferment sorbitol unlike other E. colis!)
28
Most common cause of bloody diarrhea in kids, temperature it grows in and high yield clinical sequelae
Campylobacter jeujeni, grows at 42 degrees C, can cause Guillian Barre syndrome
29
H. pylori is the predominant cause of ulcers located where?
duodenum
30
Clinical consequence of Leptospira infection
Weil disease: jaundice, renal failure, liver and kidney shutdown, fever, hemorrhage, anemia
31
Sign of primary syphillis
painless chancre (tx: penicillin)
32
Signs of secondary syphillis
maculopapular rash on palms and soles, condyloma lata
33
Signs of tertiary syphillis
CNS manifestations: tabes dorsalis, ataxia, Argyll Robertson pupil
gummas (chronic granulomas), charcot joints
34
Description of Argyll Robertson pupil
Accommodates but doesn't react (prostitute pupil)...GET IT???
35
Signs of congenital syphillis
Saber shins, saddle nose, CN VIII deafness, mulberry molars, "hutchinson teeth" (notched)
36
3 infections causing rash on palms and soles
Coxsackie A, Rickettsia (RMSF) and syphillis
37
4 fungal pneumonias in immunocompetent patients
1. Histoplasmosis
2. Blastomyces
3. Coccioides
4. Paracoccioides
38
Histoplasmosis is found in this geographic area and is associated with exposure to...
Mississippi/Ohio river valley, assoc with caves, bats, demolition projects. The fungi hides in the macrophages
39
Blastomyces is found in this geographic area, characteristics of what you see on microscopy
Mississippi and eastward, on microscopy you see broad based budding yeast.
40
Coccioides is associated with this geographical area and has what characteristic on microscopy?
Desert SW, especially after an earthquake. Microscopy shows Spherules containing endospores
41
Paracoccioides looks like this and is found where?
Captains wheel and found in Latin America
42
This cutaneous fungi looks like "spaghetti and meatballs" on KOH prep
Tinea Versicolor (Malasezzia furfur)
43
cigar-shaped fungi associated with vegetation, causes pustule/ulcer
Sporothrix -"rose gardener" disease
44
Protozoa causing malabsorption, flatulence, diarrhea, associated with campers and hikers.
Giardia Lambia: treated with metronidazole
45
Parasite causing bloody diarrhea, RUQ pain, liver abcess. Contains multinucleated cysts
Entamoeba histolytica
46
aka pinworm
Enterobius vermicularis
47
Nematode causing intestinal infections, knobby looking eggs
Ascaris lumbricoides
48
Trichuris trichuria (whipworm) causes what type of infection?
Intestinal: bloody diarrhea, football shaped eggs w/ operculated ends
49
Cestode responsible for neurocystisarcosis and intestinal infection from undercooked pork.
Taenia solium (tx: praziquantel)
50
Cestode that competes for B12 in intestines and causes anemia
Diphyllobothrium- from raw fish
51
Schistosome that causes portal HTN and liver issues
Schistosome mansoni
52
Schistosome that causes bladder CA
Schistosome hematobilium
53
Protozoa causing rapidly fatal meningioencephalitis. Found in freshwater lakes, enters cribiform plate.
Neigleria fowleri
54
Congenital toxoplasmosis infection triad found in babies
chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications
55
Trypanosoma brucei is transmitted by what
tse tse fly (no amastigotes-those are only cruzi)
56
T. brucei causes this disease
African sleeping sickness: swollen lymph nodes, recurring fever, somnolence, coma.
Tx: suramin
57
Mode of Plasmodium transmission
Anopheles mosquito
58
Transmission of Babesiosis
Ioxodes tick (coinfects with Borellia)
59
What you see on microscopy in Babesiosis infection
Ring form (ddx: malaria) and Maltese cross (rules out malaria)
60
Tx for Babesiosis
Atovaquone and azithromycin
61
Transmission of Trypanosome cruzii
reduvid bug (amastigotes seen)
62
Clinical signs/sx of T. cruzi infection
Chagas disease: dilated cardiomyopathy, megacolon, megaesophagus
63
Paragnomius westermani causes
lung inflammation, TB like sx, hemoptysis (lung fluke)
64
Clinical sign of infection with Paragnomius westermani
"coffee bean shape" operculated eggs, "rusty" color.
recent ingestion of undercooked seafood/crab
Tx: praziquantel
65
List of live vaccines
VZV, smallpox, yellow fever, Sabin's polio, MMR, Intranasal influenza, rotavirus
66
only DNA virus that is single stranded
parvovirus (part-of-virus -silly mnemonic)
67
only RNA virus that is double stranded
reovirus
68
RNA viruses:
Retrovirus, Togavirus, Flavivirus, Coronavirus, Hepevirus, Calicivirus, Picornavirus, Orthomyxovirus, Paramyxovirus, Rhabdovirus, Bunyavirus
69
7 DNA viruses:
Herpesvirus, Hepadnavirus, Adenovirus, Parvovirus, Papillomavirus, Polyomavirus, Poxvirus
70
High fever then when fever stops you get a rash
Roseola
71
Roseola is caused by what virus?
HHV6
72
How can you identify Herpes Simplex virus for diagnostic purposes? (just HSV1 and HSV2)
Tszank test and visualization of cowdry bodies
73
Hepadnavirus causes what disease?
Hepatitis B
74
Virus responsible for aplastic crisis in sickle cell patients, "slap cheek fever"/erythema infectiosum (5th disease) in kids
Parvovirus B19
75
Subtypes of HPV responsible for cervical cancer
HPV 16 and 18
76
Virus responsible for Progressive multifocal leukoencephaly in HIV patients
JC virus (polyomavirus)
77
Poxvirus is responsible for these diseases
smallpox and molluscum contagiosum
78
Reovirus (the only DS RNA virus) is responsible for what disease?
Rotavirus infection: gastroenteritis/diarrhea in children usually in winter months
79
4 viruses belonging to Picornavirus family
Poliovirus, Rhinovirus, Coxsackie virus, Hepatitis A (all fecal-oral)
80
The norwalk (norovirus) belongs to what family?
Calicivirus
81
What is the Norwalk virus responsible for?
viral gastroenteritis
82
5 Diseases caused by Flaviviruses
Hepatitis C, Yellow Fever, Dengue fever, West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis
83
Yellow fever is transmitted by
Aedes mosquito (fever, black vomit, jaundice)
84
Rubella belongs to what family of viruses?
Togavirus
85
Rubella infection (German measles) causes what?
Infant cataracts, lymphadenopathy, arthralgias, truncal rash starting at head and moving down
86
4 diseases caused by paramyxoviruses
1. Parainfluenza: croup
2. RSV: bronchiolitis in babies (tx: ribavirin)
3. Measles
4. Mumps
87
Clinical signs and most important sequelae of Measles
Cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, Koplik spots, Descending rash, biggest complication: subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
88
biggest concern of Mumps infection
orchitis-->sterility
89
Most high yield disease coming from the Rhabdovirus family
Rabies
90
Microscopic appearance of Rabies infection
"bullet shaped viruses", Negri bodies in purkinje cells of cerebellum.
91
Clinical characteristics of Rabies
Photophobia, hydrophobia, paralysis, coma. Associated with animal bites. Virus migrates retrograde up the axons.
92
Negative stranded viruses: (Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication)
Arenavirus, Bunyavirus, Paramyxovirus, Orthomyxovirus, Filovirus, Rhabdovirus
93
Process responsible for pandemics; Animal-human recombination
Antigenic shift
94
Process responsible for epidemics; minor changes based on mutations
Antigenic drift
95
Hepatitis type: Picornavirus, fecal/oral, Acute infection
HAV
96
Hepatitis type: DNA hepadnavirus, long incubation, acts as oncogene and predisposes to Hepatocellular carcinoma
HBV
97
Hepatitis type: Flavivirus, long incubation, increases risk for hepatocellular carcinoma, chronic infection, can cause cirrhosis
HCV
98
Hepatitis type: deltavirus, needs HBV to coinfect with.
HDV
99
Hepatitis type: Hepevirus, fecal/oral waterborne, high mortality in pregnant women
HEV
100
Marker that indicates Hep B infection
HBsAg
101
Marker that indicates immunity to Hep B
Anti-HBsAg
102
First antibody made to Hep B infection
Anti-HBcAg
103
Anti-HBcAg in acute/recent infection
IgM
104
Anti-HBcAg in prior exposure/chronic infection
IgG
105
Marker indicating active viral replication of HBV
HBeAg
106
Marker indicating low transmissibility of HBV
Anti-HBeAg
107
Serology profile for Acute HBV infection
HBsAg+, HBeAg+, Anti-HBc IgM
108
Serology profile for the "window period" of HBV
Anti-HBe+, Anti-HBc IgM+
109
Serology profile for chronic HBV, active
HBsAg+, HBeAg+, Anti-HBc IgG+
110
Serology profile for chronic HBV, inactive
HBsAg+, Anti-HBeAg+, Anti-HBc IgG+
111
Serology profile for Recovery of HBV
Anti-HBsAg+, Anti-HBeAg+, Anti HBc IgG+
112
Serology profile for vaccinated HBV
Anti-HBsAg+ ONLY
113
In viral hepatitis, which liver enzyme is greater?
ALT > AST
114
In alcoholic hepatitis, which liver enzyme is greater?
AST > ALT
115
Mutation in this cell surface protein can make one immune to HIV infection
CCR5 (T cell co-receptor)
116
Cause of bacillary angiomatosis in HIV patients (vascular proliferation, neutrophils)
Bartonella henslae
117
GI infection seen in AIDS patients with a CD4 < 200
Cryptosporidium parvum
118
CNS infection showing up when CD4 < 100
Toxoplasma gondii
119
CNS infection showing up with CD4<50
Cryptococcus neoformans
120
Infection causing retinitis, cotton wool spots, esophagitis, interstitial pneumonia, CD4<50
CMV
121
HHV8 causes this manifestation in AIDS pts
Kaposi sarcoma, (looks similar to bacillary angiomatosis but lymphocytes instead of neutrophils)
122
Diseases showing up at CD4 <200
Cryptosporidium, JC virus, Pneumocystis jirovechi
123
Diseases showing up at CD4 < 50
CMV, MAC, Cryptococcus
124
9 bugs causing food poisoning
Vibrio parahemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificans, Bacillus cereus, Staph A toxin, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum, EHEC, Salmonella, Campylobacter jeujeni
125
Causes of bloody diarrhea
C. jeujeni, Salmonella, Shigella, EHEC, EIEC, Yersinia, Entamoeba histolytica
126
Causes of watery diarrhea
ETEC, Vibrio cholerae (rice water), C. diff, C. perfringens, Giardia, Cryptosporidia, Rotavirus, Norwalk virus
127
Pneumonia in neonates <4 wk
1. Group B strep (agalacticae) and 2. E. coli
128
Pneumonia in children (1 mo-18 years)
RSV, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Strep pneumo
129
Pneumonia in ages 18-40
Mycoplasma, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Strep pneumo
130
Pneumonia in adults 40-65
Strep pneumo, H. influenza, Anaerobes (aspiration), viruses
131
Pneumonia in elderly >65
Strep pneumo, influenza
132
Nosocomial pneumonia causes
Staph A, Gram negative rods, pseudomonas (ventilator)
133
Pneumonia in IVDU
S. pneumo, Klebsiella pneumo, Staph A
134
Pneumonia in CF patients
Pseudomonas and Staph A
135
Post viral pneumonia
#1: Staph A
136
Newborn meningitis
Strep agalactiae, E. coli, Listeria
137
Childhood meningitis
Strep pneumo, Neisseria meningitidis, H. inf type B, enteroviruses
138
Meningitis in young adults
Teens: #1 is Neisseria meningiditis
| strep pneumo, coxsackie virus
139
Meningitis in elderly
Strep pneumo, Gram negative rods, Listeria
140
CSF profile in bacterial meningitis
Pressure increased, PMN's, Protein increased, Glucose decreased
141
CSF profile in viral meningitis
normal pressure, lymphocytes, normal to decreased protein, normal glucose
142
CSF profile in fungal meningitis
increased pressure, lymphocytes, increased protein, decreased glucose
143
#1 cause of osteomyelitis
Staph A
144
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell
Salmonella
145
Osteomyelitis in IVDU
Pseudomonas
146
#1 cause of UTI
E. coli
147
UTI in sexually active young girls (still 2nd to E. coli)
Staph saprophyticus
148
UTI associated with struvite stones (staghorn calculi)
Proteus
149
UTI associated with catheters
Staph Epi
150
vesicular rash on palms, soles and buttocks, in children
Coxsackie A (hand/foot/mouth)
151
Painful penile chancre and lymphadenopathy
Haemophilus ducreyi
152
most common bacterial STD in US
Chlamydia serotypes D-K
153
HPV subtypes associated with genital warts
HPV 6 and 11
154
Strongyloides stercoralis, AKA Threadworm is transmitted how? Where does it go from there?
Transmitted by penetration of the skin and from there it goes to infect the pulmonary system, gets coughed back in and ingested and infects GI. Therefore sx are: local itching at feet, cough, diarrhea, vomiting etc.
155
What type of HS reaction is Grave's disease?
Type II non cytotoxic
156
typically presents in crowded conditions, in the webs of hands and feet, and has linear burrows accompanied by excoriation
Sarcoptes scabeii
157
DOC for Giardia
Metronidazole
158
Active TB likes what part of the lung?
apex (the Ghon complex primary infection is assoc with the base)
159
DOC for Lyme disease in kids <8
Amoxicillin (Doxy is the DOC older than this...remember Doxy is used in kids ONLY in RMSF)
160
Intracellular finding in Klebsiella granulomatous infections (genital ulcers)
Donovan bodies
161
Resistant Pasteurella is treated by the combo of Impinem/cilastatin. What are their MOA's?
Imipinem is a carbapenem beta lactam that is beta lactamase resistant.Cilastatin inhibits renal dehydropeptidase I which by doing that decreases the excretion rate of Impinem.
162
4 gram positive rods
Bacillus, Corneybacterium, Listeria, Clostridium
163
type of hemolysis that is green
alpha (strep viridians and strep pneumo)
164
MOA of C. tetani toxin
prevents release of glycine from Renshaw cells in the spinal cord
165
2 bacterial toxins that act by inhibiting EF-2
Pseudomonas and C. diphtheriae
166
capsule is encoded by what bacterial structure?
K antigen
167
virulence factors of H. influenzae?
capsule and IgA protease
168
Lab test for anti-rickettsial antibodies
Weil-Felix (this can cross react with proteus)
169
what 5 things can give false positive VDRL test?
Viral infections (mono and hepatitis), Drugs (narcotics), Rheumatoid arthritis, Lupus, Leprosy
170
antimicrobial that inhibits 50s peptidyl transferase
chloramphenicol
171
antimicrobial that binds 50s and inhibits translocase
macrolides
172
antimicrobial that blocks 50s peptide bond formation
clindamycin
173
antimicrobial that blocks entry of aa-tRNA to the 30s complex
Tetracyclines
174
antimicrobial that bind to 30s and block initiation complex formation
Aminoglycosides
175
MOA of Rifampin
inhibits DNA dependent RNA polymerase
176
6 uses for Metronidazole
Giardia, BV (gardenella), Trichomonas, C. diff, H. pylori, Entamoeba
177
6 DNA viruses
Herpesvirus, Hepadnavirus, Adenovirus, Poxvirus, Polyomavirus, Parvovirus
178
Only DNA virus that is single stranded
Parvovirus (also naked)
179
only RNA virus that is double stranded
Reovirus (rotavirus)
180
4 families of segmented viruses
Arenavirus, Orthomyxovirus, Bunyavirus, Reovirus
181
only diploid virus class
Retrovirus
182
virus causing councilman bodies to show up in liver
yellow fever virus (aedes mosq)
183
Virus associated with Dane particles
Hep B
184
virus that can cause intussusception due to hyperplasia of Peyer patches
Adenovirus
185
induction of this TF during immune response leads to activation of transcription of HIV proviral DNA
nuclear factor kappa B
186
symptoms of prion disease
rapidly progressing dementia, psych disturbance, cerebellar symptoms
187
MOA of acyclovir
activated by thymidine kinase, inhibits viral DNA polymerase
188
MOA of foscarnet
pyrophosphate analog, inhibits viral DNA polymerase
189
rose gardener disease with ascending lymphadenitis
sporothrix schenkii, tx: potassium iodide
190
transmitted by tsetse, shows antigenic variation
Trypanosoma bruceii
191
macrophages containing amastigotes, aka kala-azar
Leishmania donovani
192
bloody diarrhea with flask shaped ulcers, liver abcesses and trophozoites in stool
entamoeba histolytica
193
fever, periorbital edema, myositis after ingesting raw pork
Trichenella spiralis (tx thiabendazole)
194
undercooked pork larval worm, causes mass lesions in brain
Taenia solium (praziquantel, albendazole)
