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High Yield Comlex > Key associations > Flashcards

Key associations Flashcards

1
Q

Actinic solar keratosis

A

precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

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2
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

A

Cushing’s ulcer (increased ICP leads to vagal gastric secretion)

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3
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

A

Curling’s ulcer (reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)

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4
Q

Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal bowel

A

skip lesions: Crohn’s disease

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5
Q

Dissecting aneurysm

A

HTN

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6
Q

Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta

A

Atherosclerosis

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7
Q

Aortic aneurysm, arch

A

Tertiary syphillis

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8
Q

Aortic aneurysm, ascending

A

Marfan’s syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)

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9
Q

Atrophy of mamillary bodies

A

Wernicke’s encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, confusion, ophthalmoplegia)

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10
Q

Autodplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)

A

Sickle cell anemia

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11
Q

Bacteria assoc with gastirits, PUD, stomach cancer

A

H. pylori

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12
Q

Bacterial meningitis in adults/elderly

A

Strep pneumo

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13
Q

Bacterial meningitis in newborns

A

Group B strep (strep agalacticae)

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14
Q

Bacterial meningitis in children

A

Neisseria meningiditis

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15
Q

Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency

A

Bernard-Soulier; defect in platelet adhesion to VWF)

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16
Q

most common Brain tumors in adults

A

supratentorial:

Metastasis > astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme) > meningioma > schwannoma

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17
Q

most common Brain tumors in children

A

medulloblastoma > craniopharyngioma

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18
Q

Most common breast cancer

A

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma

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19
Q

most common breast mass

A

fibrocystic change in premenopausal

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20
Q

most common cardiac tumor in kids

A

rhabdomyoma; seen in tuberous sclerosis

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21
Q

most common breast tumor

A

fibroadenoma

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22
Q

most common cardiac tumor in adults

A

Metastasis, myxoma

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23
Q

Cardiac manifestation in Lupus

A

Libmann Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, infects both sides of mitral valve)

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24
Q

Cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A

Chiari malformation (presents w/ progressive hydrocephalus or syringomyelia)

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25
Q

Chronic atropic gastritis (autoimmune)

A

predisposition to gastric carcinoma and can be a cause of pernicious anemia

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26
Q

Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina

A

Diethylstillbestrol (DES) exposure in utero

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27
Q

Compression fracture

A

osteoporosis

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28
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension

A

21 hydroxylase deficiency

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29
Q

most common Congenital cardiac anomaly

A

VSD

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30
Q

Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)

A

Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)

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31
Q

Constrictive pericarditis

A

TB in developing nations, SLE in developed world

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32
Q

Most common coronary arteries involved in thrombosis

A

LAD>RCA>LCA

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33
Q

Cretinism

A

iodine deficiency

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34
Q

4 causes of Cushing’s syndrome

A
  1. Iatrogenic Cushing’s (from steroids)
  2. Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol)
  3. ACTH secreting pituitary adenoma
  4. Paraneoplastic ectopic ACTH secretion
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35
Q

Early cyanosis-think embryo (less common causes)

A

Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus

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36
Q

Later cyanosis-think embryo (more common)

A

VSD, ASD, PDA

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37
Q

Cause of death in CML

A

blast crisis

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38
Q

Cause of death in SLE

A

Lupus nephropathy

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39
Q

Demyelinating disease in young women

A

MS

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40
Q

some causes of DIC

A

Sepsis, Obstetric complicatons, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery

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41
Q

Diverticulum in pharynx (foul breath)

A

Zenker’s diverticulum

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42
Q

Ejection click

A

Aortic/pulmonic stenosis

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43
Q

most common types of Esophageal cancer

A

Squamous cell carcinima (worldwide)

Adenocarcinima (US)

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44
Q

Exotoxin mediated food poisoning

A

Staph A and Bacillus cereus

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45
Q

most common gynecological malignancies

A

Worldwide: cervical
US: endometrial

46
Q

congenital heart murmur

A

Mitral valve prolapse

47
Q

Heart valve effected in bacterial endocarditis

A

Mitral > aortic > tricuspid (IVDU)

48
Q

Most common helminth infections in US

A

Enterobius vermicularis and Ascaris lumbricoides

49
Q

Epidural hematoma

A

rupture of middle meningeal artery due to trauma to the side of the head. (lens shaped)

50
Q

Subdural hematoma

A

tearing of the bridging veins, ex: shaken baby (crescent shaped)

51
Q

Hereditary harmless jaundice in times of stress/infection

A

Gilbert’s disease: benign unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

52
Q

3 most common causes of hepatocellular carcinoma

A

alcoholism, Hep B and Hep C (can also be caused by hemochromatosis and alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency)

53
Q

Holosystolic murmur

A

VSD, tricuspid/mitral regurgitation

54
Q

hypercoagulability, endothelial damage and blood stasis

A

Virchow’s triad for venous thrombosis

55
Q

Most common cause of hypoparathyroidism

A

surgical excision following thyroidectomy

56
Q

Infections in chronic granulomatous disease

A

Staph A, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase +)

57
Q

3 most common renal stones

A
  1. Calcium
  2. Struvite (urease + proteus infection)
  3. Uric acid
58
Q

Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)

A

Eisenmenger’s syndrome (caused by uncorrected ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary HTN)

59
Q

Most common lysosomal storage disease

A

Gaucher disease

60
Q

Malignancy associated with non-infectious fever

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

61
Q

2 most common causes of mental retardation in kids

A

Down Syndrome and Fragile X

62
Q

Most common cancers to metastasize to bone

A

Prostate/breast > lung > thyroid, testes

63
Q

Most common cancers to metastasize to brain

A

Lung > breast > genitourinary > osteosarcoma > melanoma > GI

64
Q

most common cancers to metastasize to the liver

A

Colon&raquo_space;>stomach, pancreas

65
Q

most common cause of mitral valve stenosis

A

Rheumatic fever

66
Q

Mixed UMN and LMN disease

67
Q

Most common cause of myocarditis

A

Coxsackie B

68
Q

most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults

A

focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

69
Q

most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in kids

A

Minimal change disease

70
Q

Neuron migration failure

A

Kallman syndrome: hypogonadism and anosmia

71
Q

nosocomial pneumonia

A

Klebsiella, E. coli, pseudomonas

72
Q

Opening snap

A

mitral stenosis

73
Q

most common cause of osteomyelitis

A

Staph A; salmonella in sickle cell pts

74
Q

Osteomyelitis with IVDU

A

Pseudomonas and staph

75
Q

Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer

A

Krukenberg tumor (mucin secreting signet ring cells)

76
Q

Most common benign ovarian tumor

A

Serous cystadenoma

77
Q

Most common malignant ovarian tumor

A

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

78
Q

causes of acute pancreatitis

A

Alcohol, gallstones

79
Q

Causes of chronic pancreatitis

A

Alcohol, Cystic fibrosis in kids

80
Q

most common causes of pelvic inflammatory disease

A

Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhea

81
Q

Philadelphia chromosome

A

t9:22, (bcr-abl) Assoc with CML and less commonly ALL

82
Q

most common primary bone tumor in adults

A

multiple myeloma

83
Q

recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small and medium vessels in extremities

A

Beurger’s disease; strongly assoc with tobacco

84
Q

most common renal tumor

A

Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel Lindau, smoking

85
Q

Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause

A

Cor pulmonale

86
Q

S3 is associated with this principle

A

increased ventricular filling (left to right shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure CHF)

87
Q

S4 is associated with this principle

A

Stiff, hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)

88
Q

Secondary hyperparathyroidism is caused by

A

Hypocalcemia from chronic renal failure

89
Q

SIADH is associated with this paraneoplastic tumor

A

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

90
Q

most common stomach cancer

A

adenocarcinoma

91
Q

t(14:18)

A

Follicular lymphoma (bcl-2)

92
Q

t(8:14)

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma (c-myc)

93
Q

t(9:22)

A

CML, ALL philadelphia chromosome

94
Q

most common testicular tumor

95
Q

most common thyroid cancer

A

papillary carcinoma

96
Q

most common tumor of infancy

A

hemangioma;usually regresses spontaneously)

97
Q

viral encephalitis affecting the temporal lobe

98
Q

Direction of DNA an RNA synthesis

A

5 prime to 3 prime

99
Q

most abundant type of RNA

100
Q

enzymes responsible for synthesis of rRNA, mRNA and tRNA respectively

A

RNA polymerase I, II, III

101
Q

What molecular biology techniques are used to separate DNA, RNA and proteins respectively?

A

RNA=northern blot; DNA=southern blot; Protein=western blot

102
Q

technique used to detect different alleles at a certain gene of interest using restriction enzymes

A

restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis

103
Q

congenital abnormality caused by maternal ACE inhibitor use

A

renal dysgenesis, oligohydraminos, pulmonary hypoplasia and limb contractures

104
Q

teratogenic effect of tetracyclines

A

yellow teeth and enamel hypoplasia

105
Q

teratogenic effect caused by aminoglycosides

A

8th CN deafness

106
Q

teratogenic effect caused by warfarin

A

craniofacial and CNS defects, stillbrith

107
Q

teratogenic effect of phenytoin/dilantin

A

fetal hydantoin syndrome, craniofacial and limb defects, mental deficiencies

108
Q

teratogenic effect of valproic acid

A

spina bifida; neural tube defects

109
Q

teratogenic effect of lithium

A

ebstein anomaly of the heart

110
Q

teratogenic effect of isoretinoin

A

carniofacial, small ears, CNS defects, cardiac and thymus defects

111
Q

teratogenic effect of alcohol

A

craniofacial defects (absent philtrium, flattened nasal bridge, microphthalmia, growth restriction, brain, cardiac and spinal defects

High Yield Comlex (9 decks)

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