Key associations Flashcards
1
Q
Actinic solar keratosis
A
precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
2
Q
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
A
Cushing’s ulcer (increased ICP leads to vagal gastric secretion)
3
Q
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
A
Curling’s ulcer (reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
4
Q
Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal bowel
A
skip lesions: Crohn’s disease
5
Q
Dissecting aneurysm
A
HTN
6
Q
Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta
A
Atherosclerosis
7
Q
Aortic aneurysm, arch
A
Tertiary syphillis
8
Q
Aortic aneurysm, ascending
A
Marfan’s syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)
9
Q
Atrophy of mamillary bodies
A
Wernicke’s encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, confusion, ophthalmoplegia)
10
Q
Autodplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)
A
Sickle cell anemia
11
Q
Bacteria assoc with gastirits, PUD, stomach cancer
A
H. pylori
12
Q
Bacterial meningitis in adults/elderly
A
Strep pneumo
13
Q
Bacterial meningitis in newborns
A
Group B strep (strep agalacticae)
14
Q
Bacterial meningitis in children
A
Neisseria meningiditis
15
Q
Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
A
Bernard-Soulier; defect in platelet adhesion to VWF)
16
Q
most common Brain tumors in adults
A
supratentorial:
Metastasis > astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme) > meningioma > schwannoma
17
Q
most common Brain tumors in children
A
medulloblastoma > craniopharyngioma
18
Q
Most common breast cancer
A
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma
19
Q
most common breast mass
A
fibrocystic change in premenopausal
20
Q
most common cardiac tumor in kids
A
rhabdomyoma; seen in tuberous sclerosis
21
Q
most common breast tumor
A
fibroadenoma
22
Q
most common cardiac tumor in adults
A
Metastasis, myxoma
23
Q
Cardiac manifestation in Lupus
A
Libmann Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, infects both sides of mitral valve)
24
Q
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
A
Chiari malformation (presents w/ progressive hydrocephalus or syringomyelia)
25
Chronic atropic gastritis (autoimmune)
predisposition to gastric carcinoma and can be a cause of pernicious anemia
26
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
Diethylstillbestrol (DES) exposure in utero
27
Compression fracture
osteoporosis
28
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension
21 hydroxylase deficiency
29
most common Congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
30
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
31
Constrictive pericarditis
TB in developing nations, SLE in developed world
32
Most common coronary arteries involved in thrombosis
LAD>RCA>LCA
33
Cretinism
iodine deficiency
34
4 causes of Cushing's syndrome
1. Iatrogenic Cushing's (from steroids)
2. Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol)
3. ACTH secreting pituitary adenoma
4. Paraneoplastic ectopic ACTH secretion
35
Early cyanosis-think embryo (less common causes)
Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
36
Later cyanosis-think embryo (more common)
VSD, ASD, PDA
37
Cause of death in CML
blast crisis
38
Cause of death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy
39
Demyelinating disease in young women
MS
40
some causes of DIC
Sepsis, Obstetric complicatons, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery
41
Diverticulum in pharynx (foul breath)
Zenker's diverticulum
42
Ejection click
Aortic/pulmonic stenosis
43
most common types of Esophageal cancer
Squamous cell carcinima (worldwide)
| Adenocarcinima (US)
44
Exotoxin mediated food poisoning
Staph A and Bacillus cereus
45
most common gynecological malignancies
Worldwide: cervical
US: endometrial
46
congenital heart murmur
Mitral valve prolapse
47
Heart valve effected in bacterial endocarditis
Mitral > aortic > tricuspid (IVDU)
48
Most common helminth infections in US
Enterobius vermicularis and Ascaris lumbricoides
49
Epidural hematoma
rupture of middle meningeal artery due to trauma to the side of the head. (lens shaped)
50
Subdural hematoma
tearing of the bridging veins, ex: shaken baby (crescent shaped)
51
Hereditary harmless jaundice in times of stress/infection
Gilbert's disease: benign unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
52
3 most common causes of hepatocellular carcinoma
alcoholism, Hep B and Hep C (can also be caused by hemochromatosis and alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency)
53
Holosystolic murmur
VSD, tricuspid/mitral regurgitation
54
hypercoagulability, endothelial damage and blood stasis
Virchow's triad for venous thrombosis
55
Most common cause of hypoparathyroidism
surgical excision following thyroidectomy
56
Infections in chronic granulomatous disease
Staph A, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase +)
57
3 most common renal stones
1. Calcium
2. Struvite (urease + proteus infection)
3. Uric acid
58
Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)
Eisenmenger's syndrome (caused by uncorrected ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary HTN)
59
Most common lysosomal storage disease
Gaucher disease
60
Malignancy associated with non-infectious fever
Hodgkin's lymphoma
61
2 most common causes of mental retardation in kids
Down Syndrome and Fragile X
62
Most common cancers to metastasize to bone
Prostate/breast > lung > thyroid, testes
63
Most common cancers to metastasize to brain
Lung > breast > genitourinary > osteosarcoma > melanoma > GI
64
most common cancers to metastasize to the liver
Colon >>>stomach, pancreas
65
most common cause of mitral valve stenosis
Rheumatic fever
66
Mixed UMN and LMN disease
ALS
67
Most common cause of myocarditis
Coxsackie B
68
most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults
focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
69
most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in kids
Minimal change disease
70
Neuron migration failure
Kallman syndrome: hypogonadism and anosmia
71
nosocomial pneumonia
Klebsiella, E. coli, pseudomonas
72
Opening snap
mitral stenosis
73
most common cause of osteomyelitis
Staph A; salmonella in sickle cell pts
74
Osteomyelitis with IVDU
Pseudomonas and staph
75
Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer
Krukenberg tumor (mucin secreting signet ring cells)
76
Most common benign ovarian tumor
Serous cystadenoma
77
Most common malignant ovarian tumor
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
78
causes of acute pancreatitis
Alcohol, gallstones
79
Causes of chronic pancreatitis
Alcohol, Cystic fibrosis in kids
80
most common causes of pelvic inflammatory disease
Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhea
81
Philadelphia chromosome
t9:22, (bcr-abl) Assoc with CML and less commonly ALL
82
most common primary bone tumor in adults
multiple myeloma
83
recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small and medium vessels in extremities
Beurger's disease; strongly assoc with tobacco
84
most common renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel Lindau, smoking
85
Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause
Cor pulmonale
86
S3 is associated with this principle
increased ventricular filling (left to right shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure CHF)
87
S4 is associated with this principle
Stiff, hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
88
Secondary hyperparathyroidism is caused by
Hypocalcemia from chronic renal failure
89
SIADH is associated with this paraneoplastic tumor
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
90
most common stomach cancer
adenocarcinoma
91
t(14:18)
Follicular lymphoma (bcl-2)
92
t(8:14)
Burkitt's lymphoma (c-myc)
93
t(9:22)
CML, ALL philadelphia chromosome
94
most common testicular tumor
seminoma
95
most common thyroid cancer
papillary carcinoma
96
most common tumor of infancy
hemangioma;usually regresses spontaneously)
97
viral encephalitis affecting the temporal lobe
HSV1
98
Direction of DNA an RNA synthesis
5 prime to 3 prime
99
most abundant type of RNA
rRNA
100
enzymes responsible for synthesis of rRNA, mRNA and tRNA respectively
RNA polymerase I, II, III
101
What molecular biology techniques are used to separate DNA, RNA and proteins respectively?
RNA=northern blot; DNA=southern blot; Protein=western blot
102
technique used to detect different alleles at a certain gene of interest using restriction enzymes
restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis
103
congenital abnormality caused by maternal ACE inhibitor use
renal dysgenesis, oligohydraminos, pulmonary hypoplasia and limb contractures
104
teratogenic effect of tetracyclines
yellow teeth and enamel hypoplasia
105
teratogenic effect caused by aminoglycosides
8th CN deafness
106
teratogenic effect caused by warfarin
craniofacial and CNS defects, stillbrith
107
teratogenic effect of phenytoin/dilantin
fetal hydantoin syndrome, craniofacial and limb defects, mental deficiencies
108
teratogenic effect of valproic acid
spina bifida; neural tube defects
109
teratogenic effect of lithium
ebstein anomaly of the heart
110
teratogenic effect of isoretinoin
carniofacial, small ears, CNS defects, cardiac and thymus defects
111
teratogenic effect of alcohol
craniofacial defects (absent philtrium, flattened nasal bridge, microphthalmia, growth restriction, brain, cardiac and spinal defects
