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High Yield Comlex > Basic Path high yield > Flashcards

Basic Path high yield Flashcards

1
Q

Apoptosis requires this, which necrosis does not

A

ATP

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2
Q

Pyknosis, shrinkage, basophilia, blebbing are associated with

A

Apoptosis

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3
Q

Sites of coagulative necrosis

A

Heart, liver, kidney

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4
Q

Sites of liquefactive necrosis

A

Brain, abcesses, pleural effusion

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5
Q

Causes of caseous necrosis

A

TB, fungi

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6
Q

Site of fatty necrosis

A

pancreas

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7
Q

Area in brain most susceptible to ischemia

A

Watershed area: borders of ACA, MCA and PCA

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8
Q

Area in heart most susceptible to ischemia

A

Subendocardium, LV

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9
Q

Area in kidney most susceptible to ischemia

A

medulla (prox tubule and TAL)

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10
Q

Area in liver most susceptible to ischemia

A

Zone III: area surrounding central vein

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11
Q

Area in GI tract most susceptible to ischemia

A

Splenic flexure

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12
Q

What happens to TPR, Cardiac output and body temp in Hypovolemic/cardiogenic shock?

A

Increased TPR, Decreased Cardiac output, cold and clammy skin

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13
Q

What happens to TPR, cardiac output and body temp in septic shock?

A

Decreased TPR, Increased cardiac output, hot, moist skinq

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14
Q

Stage 1 of wound healing:

A

Inflammatory: platelets, neutrophils, macrophages, increased permeability, migration

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15
Q

Stage 2 of wound healing

A

Proliferative: fibroblasts, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, granular tissue, angiogenesis, dissolution of clot, would contraction

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16
Q

Stage 3 of wound healing

A

Remodeling: fibroblasts, type III collagen replaced by type I

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17
Q

Diseases involving granulomas

A

TB, Sarcoidosis, Crohns, Silicosis, Wegeners, Churg Strauss, M. leprae, B, henslae

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18
Q

Characteristics of transudate

A

Low amount of cells, low protein, SG<1.012, increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, sodium retention

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19
Q

Characteristics of exudate

A

High amount of cells, high protein, SG>1.020

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20
Q

Primary amyloidosis is characterized by deposition of what

A

Ig light chains, ex: multiple myeloma

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21
Q

Neoplasia where cells haven’t invaded basement membrane

A

Carcinoma in situ

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22
Q

Hyperplasia, metaplasia and dysplasia are all

A

reversible

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23
Q

Anaplasia, desmoplasia, neoplasia are all

A

irreversible

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24
Q

Cachexia is mediated by these cytokines

A

TNF alpha, IFN gamma, IL-6

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25
Barrett's esophagus is associated with
esophageal adenocarcinoma
26
Oncogene gaining function in MEN2A and 2B
ret
27
Oncogene gaining function in colon carcinoma
ras
28
Oncogene gaining function in follicular lymphoma
bcl-2 (antiapoptotic)
29
Oncogene gaining function in Burkitt lymphoma
c-myc
30
Oncogene gaining function in CML
abl
31
Tumor suppressor gene losing function in retinoblastoma
Rb (inhibits EF-2)
32
Tumor suppressor gene losing function in many cancers, Li Fraumeni syndrome
p53 (blocks G1-->S)
33
Tumor suppressor gene losing function in colorectal cancer
APC
34
Tumor suppressor gene losing function in melanoma
p16/BRAf
35
Tumor marker for Hepatocellular carcinoma and germ cell tumors
Alpha fetoprotein
36
Tumor marker for pancreatic adenocarcinoma
CA19-9
37
Tumor marker for ovarian cancer
CA125
38
Ectopic ACTH (Cushings syndrome), SIADH, Lambert eaton syndrome are all paraneoplastic syndromes resulting from what cancer?
Small cell lung carcinoma
39
Psammoma bodies are found in these 4 tumors:
Papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid, meningioma, mesothelioma, serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary
40
Top 3 incidences of cancer:
1. Breast/prostate; 2. Lung; 3. Colorectal
41
Top 3 cancer mortalities
1. Lung; 2. Breast/prostate; 3. colorectal
42
Most common cancer to metastasize to brain
Lung
43
Most common cancer to metastasize to liver
Colon
44
Most common cancer to metastasize to bone
Prostate/breast
45
Single breaks in two acrocentric chromosomes resulting in one large and one small chromosome accompanied by a loss of genetic info, common in Down Syndrome
Robertsonian translocation
46
Effect of Bcl-2 on apoptosis
inhibits apoptosis and keeps cell alive
47
effect of bax on apoptosis
facilitates apoptosis
48
TNF alpha and FAS (CD95) are AKA what?
Death receptors, binding facilitates apoptosis
49
type of calcification in tissues caused by hypercalcemia
metastatic calcification
50
type of calcification in previously damaged tissue with no elevation in serum Ca
dystropic calcification
51
wear and tear pigment, yellowish, fat soluble
lipofuscin
52
2 groups of cell adhesion molecules that bind leukocytes to endothelial cells
ICAM (on endothelial) and integrins (on leukocytes)
53
5 chemotactic factors for neutrophils
C5a, LTB4, IL-8, bacterial products and fibrin split products
54
2 major pathways in arachidonic acid metabolism
cyclooxygenase pathway and lipooxygenase path
55
type of inflammation characterized by epithelioid histiocytes and giant cells
granulomatous inflammation
56
what is virchow's triad?
3 influences on thrombus formation: hypercoagulability, venous stasis and endothelial injury
57
5 factors promoting platelet aggregation
TXA2, ADP, thrombin, collagen, platelet activating factor
58
product of the COX pathway limiting further platelet aggregation
PGI2
59
Vitamin K dependent clotting factors (and thus affected by warfarin)
factors 2,7,9,10, protein C and S
60
factors inhibited by antithrombin 3
thrombin, factors 9-12
61
fibrinolytic protease
plasmin
62
what converts plasminogen to plasmin
tpa
63
what do lines of Zahn indicate?
arterial thrombus, the lines are from bloodflow
64
venous thrombus that gains access to arterial circulation through a right-to-left shunt
paradoxical embolus

High Yield Comlex (9 decks)

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