Micro

Question 1

What are the causes of otitis media?

Answer 1

a. Streptococcus pneumoniae (vaccine)
b. Haemophilus influenzae type (vaccine)
c. Nontypable Hemophilus influenza (no vaccine)
d. Staphylococcus aureus
e. Moraxella catarrhalis
f. GAS – Group A streptococci (S. pyogenes)

Question 2

what is a precipitating cause of otitis media?

Answer 2

RSV
doesn’t cause otitis media, but a child with RSV becomes more susceptible to otitis media. Disease is often triggered by an upper respiratory infection. Think of it as a secondary infection you can get.

Question 3

what are the treatments for otitis media?

what medications will not help the kid?

Answer 3

amoxicillin (broad spectrum b-lactam)
NSAID

note: decongestants and antihistamines are useless

Question 4

does otitis media have a fever?

Answer 4

YES

Question 5

does rhinitis have a fever?

Answer 5

fever is unusual

Question 6

what most likely causes rhinitis?

Answer 6

rhinovirus (picornaviruses)

coronavirus

Question 7

what are the characteristics of rhinovirus?

Answer 7

picornavirus
acid labile (other picornaviruses are not) 
small
ssRNA + linear 
NONenveloped 
most common cause of colds

Question 8

coronavirus characteristics

Answer 8

not acid labile = can survive stomach 
2nd most common cause of colds
enveloped 
\+ssRNA linear 
subtype = SARS
no vaccine

Question 9

SARs-CoV characteristics

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

Answer 9

atypical pneumonia**
high fever
infects lungs bc replicates at 37degC*

Question 10

Croup

Answer 10

Parainfluenza > RSV or Influenza B&raquo_space; Adenovirus or Enterovirus or Rhinovirus or Mycoplasma pneumonia

transmitted by inhalation
no antibiotics = all viral causes except the slight possibility of Mycoplasma Pneumonia

Question 11

is there a vaccine for Strep. Pneumo?

Answer 11

yes

Question 12

is there a vaccine for Haemophilus Influenzae Type B?

Answer 12

yes

Question 13

is there a vaccine for Nontypable H. influenzae?

Answer 13

no

Question 14

is there a vaccine for staph aureus

Answer 14

no

Question 15

how do you diagnose SARS-CoV?

Answer 15

RT-PCR!!! for SARS-CoV RNA genome in respiratory tract or stool

Question 16

what are bacterial causes of pharyngitis?

Answer 16

GAS
Neisseria meningitidis
cornyebacterium diptheriae
bordetella pertussis

Question 17

treatment for Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Answer 17

penicillin

anti-toxin

Question 18

treatment for Bordetella pertussis

Answer 18

Erythromycin (z-pack) or azithromycin (Macrolides)

Question 19

what are the viral causes of lower respiratory tract infections?

Answer 19

Influenza
Adenovirus
SARS-coronavirus
Hantavirus

Question 20

what virus is found in the 4 corners region of New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, and Utah?

Answer 20

Hantavirus

Question 21

what is the empiric therapy for community acquired pneumonia (CAP)

Answer 21

1. macrolides and doxycycline

Question 22

treatment for H. influenza –> pneumonia

Answer 22

cephalosporin

Question 23

treatment for H. influenza –> meningitis?

Answer 23

ampicillin

close contacts = give rifampin

Question 24

what bacteria cause atypical pneumonia?

Answer 24

i. Legionella pneumophila
ii. Mycoplasma pneumoniae
iii. Chlamydophila pneumoniae