MI: Regulation - Livingstone And Lunt

Question 1

Advantages/features of consumer-orientated approach

Answer 1

• Regulation champions consumer choice: designed to encourage media plurality and to ensure that a diversity of broadcasters operate within the media landscape - allows audience to access a broad range of content
• Relies on consumer-led policing of programme content: a secondary role, audiences have to rely on much more than just their own judgement
• The state plays a minor role in determining media regulation: Minimised the role that the government plays in pushing media providers

Question 2

Features/advantages of consumer based approach

Answer 2

• Regulation champions consumer choice
• Relies on consumer-led policing of programme
• The state plays a minor role in determining media regulation

Question 3

The citizen based approach Features and advantages

Answer 3

-Constructs a media model based on civic republicanism: directs producers to contribute to the enrichment of cultural and social life and the potential for self-development of individuals and communities

• Citizen based regulation foregrounds content issues: ensures accuracy is maintained and that programmes deal with topics in a fair matter
• Encourages a media landscape that can critique governmental power

Question 4

Communications Act 2003

Answer 4

Promoted independent television production by requiring the BBC and Channel 4 to commission more content from smaller production companies

Question 5

Factors of self-regulation

Answer 5

• Independent regulator codes of conduct
• Audience based factors: sensitive to the need of audience members
• Advertiser needs: aware of the impact editiorial content will have on advertising revenues.
• Institution-orientated factors (BBC) obliged to provide citizen orientated content as a result of their broadcasting licence agreement

Question 6

Ofcom

Answer 6

Commercial radio and television
- Tries to ensure the media landscape is not dominated by a conglomerate/organisation
- Oversees complaints

Question 7

ASA

Answer 7

Advertising standards authority

Question 8

IPSO

Answer 8

Independent press standards organisation

Question 9

BBFC

Answer 9

British board of film classic action

Question 10

PEGI

Answer 10

Pan European Game information

Question 11

The difficulties of internet regulation stem from the following

Answer 11

• Relatively recent expansion of online services
• Tech giants do not author their own content e.g. YouTube has too many uploaders to regulate everything - rely on unreliable algorithms
• Online media providers lie beyond the reach of UK regulation e.g. Netflix
• The internet is decentralised - wider content of the net due to extent of material available
• Online anonymity

Question 12

Citizen based regulation

Answer 12

Citizen-based regulation systems outline a civic role for the media and encourage media makers to produce content that contributes to the social and cultural health of the societies in which they operate

Question 13

Consumer based regulation

Answer 13

A regulatory system in which choices regarding content are largely devolved to audiences and where media makers are given as much freedom as possible to make the media that audiences want to consume

Question 14

Digital literacy

Answer 14

Livingstone advocates that audiences should be adequately informed about online content in a way that allows home to effectively evaluate th ematerial thwy are presented with online

Question 15

Self-regulation

Answer 15

Devolves regulatory decisions to industry practioners