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MI and Genomics > MI 02a: Innate Immunity > Flashcards

MI 02a: Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

PAMPs, aka (X), are:

A

X = Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns;

Specific molecules in/on pathogens, typically necessary for pathogen’s survival

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2
Q

T/F: PAMPs can be mutated to avoid the immune system.

A

False

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3
Q

DAMPs, aka (X), are:

A

X = Damage Associated Molecular Patterns;

Specific molecules found in damaged tissue

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4
Q

T/F: Innate immune system has the same performance in a repeated encounter of target.

A

True

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5
Q

List the main types of action of innate immune system

A
  1. Barrier
  2. Inflammation
  3. Antiviral
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6
Q

Prevention of infection is job for (innate/adaptive) immune system.

A

Innate

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7
Q

Possible autoimmunity is a characteristic of (innate/adaptive) immune system.

A

Adaptive

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8
Q

Clearance of microbial debris and damaged tissue is job for (innate/adaptive) immune system.

A

Innate

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9
Q

T/F: PAMPs can often be found on host cells.

A

False

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10
Q

Give examples of PAMPs.

A
  1. Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) on gram-n bac
  2. Unmethylated CpG islands
  3. Double-stranded RNA (virus)
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11
Q

The receptors, (X), for innate immune system are encoded in/by (Y) and thus depict (great/limited) diversity.

A

X = PRR (pattern recognition receptors)
Y = in germline
Limited

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12
Q

The receptors for adaptive immune system are encoded in/by (Y) and thus depict (great/limited) diversity.

A

Y = genes (that undergo somatic recombination)

Great diversity

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13
Q

Innate immune system has (clonal/non-clonal) distribution of receptors. This means there are (same/different) receptors on cells with (X).

A

Non-clonal;
Same;
X = same lineage

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14
Q

Adaptive immune system has (clonal/non-clonal) distribution of receptors. This means that (X) with distinct specificities express (same/different) receptors.

A

Clonal;
X = lymphocyte clones
Different

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15
Q

TLRs (Toll-Like Receptors) are group of (X) on surface of (Y).

A 
X = PRRs
Y = innate immune cells
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16
Q

On innate immune cells, (X) are located where they will have the optimal chance of binding (Y).

A 
X = PRRs
Y = PAMPs and DAMPs
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17
Q

List the locations at which (X) receptor might bind PAMP/DAMP.

A

X = PRRs

  1. Cell surface
  2. In cytoplasm
  3. Within endosome
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18
Q

Ligands for Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)?

A

PAMPs

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19
Q

T/F: All TLRs bind all PAMPs.

A

False - specific TLRs bind different PAMPs

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20
Q

A TLR that binds to bacterial peptidoglycan is likely to be where in/on the cell?

A

Cell surface

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21
Q

List some TLR types that bind ligand within endosome. Which ligands are likely found in that location?

A

TLR-3, 7, 8, 9

Ligands: dsRNA, ssRNA, and unmethylated CpG DNA

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22
Q

Once a TLR is bound by ligand, the immediate effect is:

A

Signaling cascade stimulated

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23
Q

(X) tissue plays key role in innate immunity. Which characteristics of (X) make this true?

A

X = epithelium

  1. Physical barrier to infection
  2. Produces local antibiotics to kill microbes
  3. Contains intra-epithelial lymphocytes to kill microbes/infected cells
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24
Q

In adult homeostasis/inflammatory reactions, production of mononuclear phagocytes starts with formation of (X) from (Y). Where does this happen?

A 
X = monocyte precursor
Y = hematopoietic SC

Bone marrow

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25
Q

In adult homeostasis/inflammatory reactions, production of mononuclear phagocytes proceeds as (X) becomes (Y) and gets released into (Z).

A 
X = monocyte precursor
Y = monocyte
Z = circulation
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26
Q

In adult homeostasis/inflammatory reactions, mononuclear phagocytes travel via (X) to which sites in body?

A

X = circulation

Sites of inflammation

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27
Q

During embryogenesis, unlike adult homeostasis, macrophages undergo (X) and migrate to different organs. Give examples of these specialized macrophages.

A

X = differentiation

  1. Microglia in brain
  2. Kuppfer cells in liver
  3. Alveolar macrophages in lungs
28
Q

List some key innate immune functions of macrophages.

A
  1. Producing cytokines
  2. Phagocytosis
  3. Production of ROS and NO (kill bacteria)
29
Q

A natural killer (NK) cell has which receptor(s) on its surface?

A
  1. Activation

2. Inhibitory

30
Q

A normal cell will have ligand(s) that bind to which receptor(s) on NK cell?

A
  1. Activating ligand (binds activating receptor)

2. MHC Class I ligand (binds inhibitory receptor)

31
Q

A (X)-infected cell will have ligand(s) that bind to which receptor(s) on NK cell? The cell will thus be killed.

A

X = virus

Only activating ligand to bind activating receptor

32
Q

(X)-infected cell will be killed by NK cell because (Y) (allows/prevents) expression of (Z).

A

X = Y = virus;
Prevents;
Z = MHC Class I (inhibitory) ligand

33
Q

In addition to killing infected cells directly, NK cells prompt/increase (X) killing of (Y) by secreting (Z).

A 
X = macrophage;
Y = phagocytosed microbes
Z = interferon gamma
34
Q

(Complement/cytokines) are inactive precursor proteins within plasma. What activates them?

A

Complement;

PAMPs and DAMPs

35
Q

When (complements/cytokines) bind (X), their activation involves a cascade of stepwise (Y), eventually producing (Z).

A

Complements;
X = PAMP/DAMP
Y = proteolytic cleavage
Z = active components

36
Q

The active components of the complement system bind (covalently/non-covalently) to (X), which leads to (Y).

A

Covalently;
X = microbes
Y = microbe phagocytosis

37
Q

TNF, aka (X), is a type of (Y) that comes from (Z) cells.

A 
X = Tumor Necrosis Factor
Y = cytokine
Z = macrophages and T cells
38
Q

IL-1 is a type of (Y) that comes from (Z) cells.

A 
Y = cytokine
Z = macrophages
39
Q

IL-6 is a type of (Y) that comes from (Z) cells.

A 
Y = cytokine
Z = macrophages
40
Q

IL-8 is a type of (Y) that comes from (Z) cells.

A 
Y = cytokine (specifically, chemokines)
Z = many
41
Q

IL-12 is a type of (Y) that comes from (Z) cells.

A 
Y = cytokine 
Z = macrophages and dendritic cells
42
Q

Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is a type of (Y) that comes from (Z) cells.

A 
Y = cytokine 
Z = T cells and NK cells
43
Q

Type 1 Interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) is a type of (Y) that comes from (Z) cells.

A 
Y = cytokine 
Z = Macrophages and fibroblasts
44
Q

IL-10 is a type of (Y) that comes from (Z) cells.

A 
Y = cytokine 
Z = macrophages and T cells
45
Q

(X) cells produce nearly all cytokines, except (Y).

A 
X = macrophages
Y = IFN-gamma
46
Q

Aside from (X), which is produced by many cells, list the cytokines produced by T cells.

A

X = IL-8 (chemokines)

  1. TNF
  2. IL-10
  3. IFN-gamma
47
Q

Targets for TNF are (X). And the effects of TNF are (Y).

A 
X = endothelial cells and neutrophils
Y = fever, weight loss
48
Q

Targets for IL-1 are (X). And the effects of TNF are (Y).

A 
X = endothelial cells and neutrophils
Y = fever, weight loss
49
Q

Effect of IL-8, aka (X).

A

X = chemokines;

  1. Leukocyte activation
  2. Chemotaxis
  3. Increases affinity for adhesion molecules
50
Q

Targets for IL-12 are (X). And the effects of TNF are (Y).

A 
X = NK cells
Y = increases IFN-gamma and cytotoxicity
51
Q

Targets for IFN-gamma are (X). And the effects of TNF are (Y).

A 
X = macrophages
Y = macrophage activation and increase in antibody responses
52
Q

Targets for Type I IFN are (X). And the effects of TNF are (Y).

A 
X = NK cells
Y = activate NK cells and increase anti-viral state
53
Q

Effect of IL-10.

A

Suppress immune system

54
Q

(X) is describes as immunology that occurs when there’s blood flow. This response frequently initiated by release of mediators from which cells?

A

X = inflammation

Mast cells, dendritic cells, or macrophages

55
Q

The famous (X) cells are recruited to sites of inflammation through series of steps and interactions with (Y) cells.

A 
X = neutrophils
Y = endothelial
56
Q

Inflammatory response frequently initiated by release of which mediators from which cells?

A

Mediators: cytokines, histamine, prostaglandins
Cells: Macrophages, dendritic, mast cells

57
Q

Inflammatory response: A rolling neutrophil has which key receptors and ligands on its surface?

A
  1. Integrin receptor
  2. Chemokine receptor
  3. Selectin ligand
58
Q

Inflammatory response: Endothelial cells have which key receptors and ligands on its surface?

A
  1. Integrin ligand
  2. Chemokines
  3. Selectin receptor
59
Q

Inflammatory response: The integrin receptor on (X) is activated by (Y).

A 
X = neutrophil
Y = chemokines (binding to chemokine receptors on neutrophil)
60
Q

Inflammatory response: The integrin receptor binds to its ligand on (X) cells. These ligands are really just (Y).

A 
X = endothelial
Y = cytokines (TNF, IL-1)
61
Q

Inflammatory response: In general, Selectins are found on (X). List the various types of selectin receptors and where each is found.

A

X = endothelial cells and leukocytes

  1. E- and P- selectins (endothelial cells)
  2. L-selectin (B and T cells)
62
Q

If microbe binds to (X) receptor, such as a lectin receptor, what’s the immediate effect?

A

X = phagocyte

Phagocyte membrane zips up around microbe (phagocytosis)

63
Q

A microbe is ingested in (X), which then fuses with (Y). The microbe can then be killed via (Z) enzymes and which other chemicals?

A 
X = phagosome
Y = lysosome
Z = lysosomal

NO, ROS

64
Q

List ways in which the innate immune system induces an antiviral state.

A
  1. Inhibits viral protein synthesis/gene expression

2. Degrades viral RNA

65
Q

The key to inducing antiviral state is production of (X) from (Y) cell. What does (X) bind to?

A 
X = Type I IFN
Y = virus-infected cell

Binds to IFN receptor on both infected and uninfected cells

66
Q

Inducing antiviral state: (X) binding to its receptor (stimulates/inhibits) (Y) protein synthesis by (activating/inhibiting) (Z).

A

X = IFN (type I)

Inhibits
Y = viral
Inhibiting (phosphorylation)
Z = translation initiation factor

67
Q

Inducing antiviral state: (X) binding to its receptor (stimulates/inhibits) (Y) degradation by (activating/inhibiting) (Z).

A 
X = IFN (type I)
Stimulates;
Y = viral RNA
Activating
Z = RNase

MI and Genomics (16 decks)

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