MI 02a: Innate Immunity

Question 1

PAMPs, aka (X), are:

Answer 1

X = Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns;

Specific molecules in/on pathogens, typically necessary for pathogen’s survival

Question 2

T/F: PAMPs can be mutated to avoid the immune system.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

DAMPs, aka (X), are:

Answer 3

X = Damage Associated Molecular Patterns;

Specific molecules found in damaged tissue

Question 4

T/F: Innate immune system has the same performance in a repeated encounter of target.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

List the main types of action of innate immune system

Answer 5

1. Barrier
2. Inflammation
3. Antiviral

Question 6

Prevention of infection is job for (innate/adaptive) immune system.

Answer 6

Innate

Question 7

Possible autoimmunity is a characteristic of (innate/adaptive) immune system.

Answer 7

Adaptive

Question 8

Clearance of microbial debris and damaged tissue is job for (innate/adaptive) immune system.

Answer 8

Innate

Question 9

T/F: PAMPs can often be found on host cells.

Answer 9

False

Question 10

Give examples of PAMPs.

Answer 10

1. Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) on gram-n bac
2. Unmethylated CpG islands
3. Double-stranded RNA (virus)

Question 11

The receptors, (X), for innate immune system are encoded in/by (Y) and thus depict (great/limited) diversity.

Answer 11

X = PRR (pattern recognition receptors)
Y = in germline
Limited

Question 12

The receptors for adaptive immune system are encoded in/by (Y) and thus depict (great/limited) diversity.

Answer 12

Y = genes (that undergo somatic recombination)

Great diversity

Question 13

Innate immune system has (clonal/non-clonal) distribution of receptors. This means there are (same/different) receptors on cells with (X).

Answer 13

Non-clonal;
Same;
X = same lineage

Question 14

Adaptive immune system has (clonal/non-clonal) distribution of receptors. This means that (X) with distinct specificities express (same/different) receptors.

Answer 14

Clonal;
X = lymphocyte clones
Different

Question 15

TLRs (Toll-Like Receptors) are group of (X) on surface of (Y).

Answer 15

X = PRRs
Y = innate immune cells

Question 16

On innate immune cells, (X) are located where they will have the optimal chance of binding (Y).

Answer 16

X = PRRs
Y = PAMPs and DAMPs

Question 17

List the locations at which (X) receptor might bind PAMP/DAMP.

Answer 17

X = PRRs

1. Cell surface
2. In cytoplasm
3. Within endosome

Question 18

Ligands for Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)?

Answer 18

PAMPs

Question 19

T/F: All TLRs bind all PAMPs.

Answer 19

False - specific TLRs bind different PAMPs

Question 20

A TLR that binds to bacterial peptidoglycan is likely to be where in/on the cell?

Answer 20

Cell surface

Question 21

List some TLR types that bind ligand within endosome. Which ligands are likely found in that location?

Answer 21

TLR-3, 7, 8, 9

Ligands: dsRNA, ssRNA, and unmethylated CpG DNA

Question 22

Once a TLR is bound by ligand, the immediate effect is:

Answer 22

Signaling cascade stimulated

Question 23

(X) tissue plays key role in innate immunity. Which characteristics of (X) make this true?

Answer 23

X = epithelium

1. Physical barrier to infection
2. Produces local antibiotics to kill microbes
3. Contains intra-epithelial lymphocytes to kill microbes/infected cells

Question 24

In adult homeostasis/inflammatory reactions, production of mononuclear phagocytes starts with formation of (X) from (Y). Where does this happen?

Answer 24

X = monocyte precursor
Y = hematopoietic SC

Bone marrow

Question 25

In adult homeostasis/inflammatory reactions, production of mononuclear phagocytes proceeds as (X) becomes (Y) and gets released into (Z).

Answer 25

``` X = monocyte precursor Y = monocyte Z = circulation ```

Question 26

In adult homeostasis/inflammatory reactions, mononuclear phagocytes travel via (X) to which sites in body?

Answer 26

X = circulation Sites of inflammation

Question 27

During embryogenesis, unlike adult homeostasis, macrophages undergo (X) and migrate to different organs. Give examples of these specialized macrophages.

Answer 27

X = differentiation 1. Microglia in brain 2. Kuppfer cells in liver 3. Alveolar macrophages in lungs

Question 28

List some key innate immune functions of macrophages.

Answer 28

1. Producing cytokines 2. Phagocytosis 3. Production of ROS and NO (kill bacteria)

Question 29

A natural killer (NK) cell has which receptor(s) on its surface?

Answer 29

1. Activation | 2. Inhibitory

Question 30

A normal cell will have ligand(s) that bind to which receptor(s) on NK cell?

Answer 30

1. Activating ligand (binds activating receptor) | 2. MHC Class I ligand (binds inhibitory receptor)

Question 31

A (X)-infected cell will have ligand(s) that bind to which receptor(s) on NK cell? The cell will thus be killed.

Answer 31

X = virus Only activating ligand to bind activating receptor

Question 32

(X)-infected cell will be killed by NK cell because (Y) (allows/prevents) expression of (Z).

Answer 32

X = Y = virus; Prevents; Z = MHC Class I (inhibitory) ligand

Question 33

In addition to killing infected cells directly, NK cells prompt/increase (X) killing of (Y) by secreting (Z).

Answer 33

``` X = macrophage; Y = phagocytosed microbes Z = interferon gamma ```

Question 34

(Complement/cytokines) are inactive precursor proteins within plasma. What activates them?

Answer 34

Complement; | PAMPs and DAMPs

Question 35

When (complements/cytokines) bind (X), their activation involves a cascade of stepwise (Y), eventually producing (Z).

Answer 35

Complements; X = PAMP/DAMP Y = proteolytic cleavage Z = active components

Question 36

The active components of the complement system bind (covalently/non-covalently) to (X), which leads to (Y).

Answer 36

Covalently; X = microbes Y = microbe phagocytosis

Question 37

TNF, aka (X), is a type of (Y) that comes from (Z) cells.

Answer 37

``` X = Tumor Necrosis Factor Y = cytokine Z = macrophages and T cells ```

Question 38

IL-1 is a type of (Y) that comes from (Z) cells.

Answer 38

``` Y = cytokine Z = macrophages ```

Question 39

IL-6 is a type of (Y) that comes from (Z) cells.

Answer 39

``` Y = cytokine Z = macrophages ```

Question 40

IL-8 is a type of (Y) that comes from (Z) cells.

Answer 40

``` Y = cytokine (specifically, chemokines) Z = many ```

Question 41

IL-12 is a type of (Y) that comes from (Z) cells.

Answer 41

``` Y = cytokine Z = macrophages and dendritic cells ```

Question 42

Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is a type of (Y) that comes from (Z) cells.

Answer 42

``` Y = cytokine Z = T cells and NK cells ```

Question 43

Type 1 Interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) is a type of (Y) that comes from (Z) cells.

Answer 43

``` Y = cytokine Z = Macrophages and fibroblasts ```

Question 44

IL-10 is a type of (Y) that comes from (Z) cells.

Answer 44

``` Y = cytokine Z = macrophages and T cells ```

Question 45

(X) cells produce nearly all cytokines, except (Y).

Answer 45

``` X = macrophages Y = IFN-gamma ```

Question 46

Aside from (X), which is produced by many cells, list the cytokines produced by T cells.

Answer 46

X = IL-8 (chemokines) 1. TNF 2. IL-10 3. IFN-gamma

Question 47

Targets for TNF are (X). And the effects of TNF are (Y).

Answer 47

``` X = endothelial cells and neutrophils Y = fever, weight loss ```

Question 48

Targets for IL-1 are (X). And the effects of TNF are (Y).

Answer 48

``` X = endothelial cells and neutrophils Y = fever, weight loss ```

Question 49

Effect of IL-8, aka (X).

Answer 49

X = chemokines; 1. Leukocyte activation 2. Chemotaxis 3. Increases affinity for adhesion molecules

Question 50

Targets for IL-12 are (X). And the effects of TNF are (Y).

Answer 50

``` X = NK cells Y = increases IFN-gamma and cytotoxicity ```

Question 51

Targets for IFN-gamma are (X). And the effects of TNF are (Y).

Answer 51

``` X = macrophages Y = macrophage activation and increase in antibody responses ```

Question 52

Targets for Type I IFN are (X). And the effects of TNF are (Y).

Answer 52

``` X = NK cells Y = activate NK cells and increase anti-viral state ```

Question 53

Effect of IL-10.

Answer 53

Suppress immune system

Question 54

(X) is describes as immunology that occurs when there's blood flow. This response frequently initiated by release of mediators from which cells?

Answer 54

X = inflammation Mast cells, dendritic cells, or macrophages

Question 55

The famous (X) cells are recruited to sites of inflammation through series of steps and interactions with (Y) cells.

Answer 55

``` X = neutrophils Y = endothelial ```

Question 56

Inflammatory response frequently initiated by release of which mediators from which cells?

Answer 56

Mediators: cytokines, histamine, prostaglandins Cells: Macrophages, dendritic, mast cells

Question 57

Inflammatory response: A rolling neutrophil has which key receptors and ligands on its surface?

Answer 57

1. Integrin receptor 2. Chemokine receptor 3. Selectin ligand

Question 58

Inflammatory response: Endothelial cells have which key receptors and ligands on its surface?

Answer 58

1. Integrin ligand 2. Chemokines 3. Selectin receptor

Question 59

Inflammatory response: The integrin receptor on (X) is activated by (Y).

Answer 59

``` X = neutrophil Y = chemokines (binding to chemokine receptors on neutrophil) ```

Question 60

Inflammatory response: The integrin receptor binds to its ligand on (X) cells. These ligands are really just (Y).

Answer 60

``` X = endothelial Y = cytokines (TNF, IL-1) ```

Question 61

Inflammatory response: In general, Selectins are found on (X). List the various types of selectin receptors and where each is found.

Answer 61

X = endothelial cells and leukocytes 1. E- and P- selectins (endothelial cells) 2. L-selectin (B and T cells)

Question 62

If microbe binds to (X) receptor, such as a lectin receptor, what's the immediate effect?

Answer 62

X = phagocyte Phagocyte membrane zips up around microbe (phagocytosis)

Question 63

A microbe is ingested in (X), which then fuses with (Y). The microbe can then be killed via (Z) enzymes and which other chemicals?

Answer 63

``` X = phagosome Y = lysosome Z = lysosomal ``` NO, ROS

Question 64

List ways in which the innate immune system induces an antiviral state.

Answer 64

1. Inhibits viral protein synthesis/gene expression | 2. Degrades viral RNA

Question 65

The key to inducing antiviral state is production of (X) from (Y) cell. What does (X) bind to?

Answer 65

``` X = Type I IFN Y = virus-infected cell ``` Binds to IFN receptor on both infected and uninfected cells

Question 66

Inducing antiviral state: (X) binding to its receptor (stimulates/inhibits) (Y) protein synthesis by (activating/inhibiting) (Z).

Answer 66

X = IFN (type I) Inhibits Y = viral Inhibiting (phosphorylation) Z = translation initiation factor

Question 67

Inducing antiviral state: (X) binding to its receptor (stimulates/inhibits) (Y) degradation by (activating/inhibiting) (Z).

Answer 67

``` X = IFN (type I) Stimulates; Y = viral RNA Activating Z = RNase ```