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MI and Genomics > MI 01: Intro > Flashcards

MI 01: Intro Flashcards

1
Q

List general forein features of microbes.

A
  1. Exposed mannose residues in CHO

2. Unmethylated CpG in DNA

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2
Q

List the major categories of microbes. Star the obligate (intracellular/extracellular) category.

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Fungi
  3. Parasites
  4. Viruses* (intracellular only)
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3
Q

Bacteria are (uni/multi)-cellular (pro/eu)-karyotes with (rigid/lack of) cell wall. List the two main subcategories of bacteria.

A

Unicellular prokaryotes with rigid cell wall;

  1. Gram-negative
  2. Gram-positive
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4
Q

Gram-(p/n) bacteria consist of thick (X) layer. These (are/aren’t) surrounded by outer (Y) membrane.

A

positive;
X = peptidoglycan;

Aren’t

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5
Q

Gram-(p/n) bacteria consist of thin (X) layer. These (are/aren’t) surrounded by outer (Y) membrane.

A

negative;
X = peptidoglycan and lipoprotein;
Are;
Y = lipopolysaccharide (aka endotoxin)

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6
Q

Gram-(p/n) bacteria may have flagella.

A

Both

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7
Q

Gram-(p/n) bacteria may have surrounding capsule, composed of (X) shell.

A

Both;

X = polysaccharide

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8
Q

(X) microbes are distinguished from host because they initiate protein synthesis with (Y) instead of (Z).

A 
X = bacteria;
Y = N-formyl methionine
Z = unmodified methionine
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9
Q

Fungi are (uni/multi)-cellular (pro/eu)-karyotes (with/without) cell wall. List the two main subcategories of fungi.

A

Uni or Multicellular; eukaryotes
With cell wall;

  1. Single cell yeasts
  2. Multi-cell molds
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10
Q

Fungi cell wall composed of:

A

Polysaccharides and polypeptides

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11
Q

Parasites are (uni/multi)-cellular divided into which subcategories?

A

Both;

  1. Single-cell protozoa
  2. Multi-cell/organ worms or helminths
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12
Q

Why are (X) microbes obligate intracellular parasites?

A

X = viruses;

Require host machinery to replicate nucleic acids and synthesize proteins

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13
Q

Viruses are divided into which subcategories? Star the ones that have (X) capsid surrounding (Y).

A
  1. Enveloped*
  2. Non-enveloped*
X = protein
Y = DNA/RNA
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14
Q

(X) viruses kill target cell. (Y) viruses don’t - what do they do instead?

A 
X = non-enveloped
Y = enveloped

Exit host cell via budding

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15
Q

Malaria is example of (X) microbe disease.

A

X = parasitic

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16
Q

Ebola is example of (X) microbe disease.

A

X = viral

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17
Q

Tetanus is example of (X) microbe disease.

A

X = bacterial

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18
Q

Strep throat is example of (X) microbe disease.

A

X = bacterial

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19
Q

Vaginal yeast is example of (X) microbe disease.

A

X = fungal

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20
Q

Mumps and measles are examples of (X) microbe diseases.

A

X = viral

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21
Q

Athlete’s foot is example of (X) microbe disease.

A

X = fungal

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22
Q

AIDS and Hep B are examples of (X) microbe diseases.

A

X = viral

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23
Q

(Innate/adaptive) immunity is pre-existing and (quick/slow).

A

Innate;

Quick

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24
Q

(Innate/adaptive) immunity has memory and acts (quickly/slowly).

A

Adaptive;

slowly

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25
Q

(Innate/adaptive) immunity recognizes general features of microbe groups.

A

Innate

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26
Q

(Innate/adaptive) immunity has faster and (lesser/greater/equal) response to second encounter with same antigen.

A

Adaptive;

Greater

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27
Q

The main cells of the immune system.

A

Leukocytes

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28
Q

Main cells of adaptive immunity are (X).

A

X = B and T lymphocytes

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29
Q

B cells mature in (X) and T cells in (Y).

A 
X = bone marrow;
Y = thymus
30
Q

The generative (central) lymphoid organs.

A

Bone marrow and thymus

31
Q

B and T cells undergo cell division/differentiation in (central/peripheral) (X).

A

Peripheral

X = lymph organs

32
Q

Main leukocytes of innate immunity are (X).

A

X = monocytes, granulocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and dendritic cells

33
Q

Monocytes differentiate into (X) in (Y) tissue.

A 
X = macrophages;
Y = peripheral
34
Q

(X) leukocytes are derived from sel-renewing hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow. What are the two lineages/pathways of maturation?

A

X = All;

  1. Myeloid lineage
  2. Lymphoid lineage
35
Q

List examples of peripheral lymph organs.

A
  1. Spleen
  2. Lymph nodes
  3. Mucosa- and skin-associated lymph tissue
36
Q

List the soluble molecules of immune system.

A
  1. Antibodies
  2. Complement
  3. Cytokines
37
Q

T cells come from common (lymphoid/myeloid) progenitor.

A

Lymphoid

38
Q

B cells come from common (lymphoid/myeloid) progenitor.

A

Lymphoid

39
Q

Target-binding receptors are acquired in (central/peripheral) lymph organs.

A

Central (thymus and bone marrow)

40
Q

Innate immunity cells acquire which target-binding receptors?

A

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

41
Q

B cells acquire which target-binding receptors?

A

B cell receptor (BCR)

42
Q

T cells acquire which target-binding receptors?

A

T cell receptor (TCR)

43
Q

Each (PRR/BCR/TCR) is the same on all cells that express it.

A

PRR

44
Q

(PRR/BCR/TCR)s are found in enormous diversity.

A

BCRs and TCRs

45
Q

(PRR/BCR/TCR)s are found on cell surface and intracellularly.

A

PRRs

46
Q

(PRR/BCR/TCR)s are found only on cell surface.

A

TCRs

47
Q

(PRR/BCR/TCR)s are found on cell surface and soluble molecules.

A

BCRs

48
Q

T/F: The antibody secreted by B cell is the same as its BCR.

A

True

49
Q

Target-binding receptors bind to ligand through (reversible/irreversible), (covalent/non-covalent) interactions.

A

Reversible, non-covalent

50
Q

Strength of interaction between one target subunit and one receptor.

A

Affinity

51
Q

Strength of interaction between multiple target subunits and multiple receptor molecules.

A

Avidity

52
Q

Foreign components that bind to target-binding receptors are called (X). Self/host components that bind are called (Y).

A

X = Y = antigens

53
Q

B and T cells are referred to as “naive” up until:

A

they encounter antigen

54
Q

While most (adaptive/innate) immune cells just pass through vasculature of (X) organs, (Y) cells enter (Z).

A

Innate;
X = peripheral lymph
Y = B and T
Z = extravascular space (interstitium) of the organs

55
Q

List the antigen-presenting cells and the cells to whom they present.

A
  1. Dendritic cells (T cells)
  2. B cells (T cells)
  3. Macrophages (T cells)
  4. Follicular dendritic (B cells)
56
Q

Which cell(s) of immune system undergo clonal selection? This process includes cell (activation/proliferation/differentiation).

A

T (into effector T) and B (into plasma) cells

All three

57
Q

Following clonal selection, the (X) cells (reside/circulate) in (Y).

A

X = B cells and T cells;
Don’t circulate - reside;
Y = B cells in bone marrow and T cells in infected interstitium

58
Q

List the two general strategies used by immune system to kill microbial particles.

A
  1. Intracellular killing (phagocytosis)

2. Extracellular killing (cytotoxicity)

59
Q

Lysing is an example of (intra/extra)-cellular killing of microbes.

A

Extracellular

60
Q

Which leukocytes primarily carry out intracellular killing of microbes?

A

Monocytes, neutrophils, macrophages

61
Q

List two examples of extracellular killing of microbes.

A
  1. Bacteria by complement (lysis)

2. Worms by eosinophils (toxic injection)

62
Q

Activation of additional immune forces includes (activation/secretion) of which substance(s)?

A
  1. Activation of complement system

2. Secretion of cytokines

63
Q

The complement system consists of a group of (X) produced by (Y) and present in (Z).

A 
X = proteins;
Y = liver
Z = blood
64
Q

One key role of complements in immune response is:

A

lysis of microbes

65
Q

Cytokines are (X) produced/secreted by primarily (Y).

A 
X = soluble peptides;
Y = macrophages, T helper, and dendritic cells
66
Q

T/F: Each cytokine has a specific receptor.

A

True

67
Q

T/f: Cells producing particular cytokine can’t have surface receptor for that cytokine.

A

False - they may (exerting autocrine/self effect)

68
Q

T/F: Cytokines rely on diffusion, so their effect is only exerted at short-range.

A

False - mainly short-range, but if produced in large quantities, can also diffuse via vasculature

69
Q

What’s the primarily function of cytokines?

A

Communication between immune system cells and each other/host cells

70
Q

(Cytokines/chemokines) are subset of (cytokines/chemokines).

A

Chemokines; cytokines

71
Q

Guided migration of immune cells via interaction with chemokines is a process called:

A

Chemotaxis

72
Q

Leukocytes communicate via cell-cell interactions, mediated by which types of receptors?

A
  1. CDs

2. MHCs

MI and Genomics (16 decks)

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