MI 01: Intro Flashcards
List general forein features of microbes.
- Exposed mannose residues in CHO
2. Unmethylated CpG in DNA
List the major categories of microbes. Star the obligate (intracellular/extracellular) category.
- Bacteria
- Fungi
- Parasites
- Viruses* (intracellular only)
Bacteria are (uni/multi)-cellular (pro/eu)-karyotes with (rigid/lack of) cell wall. List the two main subcategories of bacteria.
Unicellular prokaryotes with rigid cell wall;
- Gram-negative
- Gram-positive
Gram-(p/n) bacteria consist of thick (X) layer. These (are/aren’t) surrounded by outer (Y) membrane.
positive;
X = peptidoglycan;
Aren’t
Gram-(p/n) bacteria consist of thin (X) layer. These (are/aren’t) surrounded by outer (Y) membrane.
negative;
X = peptidoglycan and lipoprotein;
Are;
Y = lipopolysaccharide (aka endotoxin)
Gram-(p/n) bacteria may have flagella.
Both
Gram-(p/n) bacteria may have surrounding capsule, composed of (X) shell.
Both;
X = polysaccharide
(X) microbes are distinguished from host because they initiate protein synthesis with (Y) instead of (Z).
X = bacteria; Y = N-formyl methionine Z = unmodified methionine
Fungi are (uni/multi)-cellular (pro/eu)-karyotes (with/without) cell wall. List the two main subcategories of fungi.
Uni or Multicellular; eukaryotes
With cell wall;
- Single cell yeasts
- Multi-cell molds
Fungi cell wall composed of:
Polysaccharides and polypeptides
Parasites are (uni/multi)-cellular divided into which subcategories?
Both;
- Single-cell protozoa
- Multi-cell/organ worms or helminths
Why are (X) microbes obligate intracellular parasites?
X = viruses;
Require host machinery to replicate nucleic acids and synthesize proteins
Viruses are divided into which subcategories? Star the ones that have (X) capsid surrounding (Y).
- Enveloped*
- Non-enveloped*
X = protein Y = DNA/RNA
(X) viruses kill target cell. (Y) viruses don’t - what do they do instead?
X = non-enveloped Y = enveloped
Exit host cell via budding
Malaria is example of (X) microbe disease.
X = parasitic
Ebola is example of (X) microbe disease.
X = viral
Tetanus is example of (X) microbe disease.
X = bacterial
Strep throat is example of (X) microbe disease.
X = bacterial
Vaginal yeast is example of (X) microbe disease.
X = fungal
Mumps and measles are examples of (X) microbe diseases.
X = viral
Athlete’s foot is example of (X) microbe disease.
X = fungal
AIDS and Hep B are examples of (X) microbe diseases.
X = viral
(Innate/adaptive) immunity is pre-existing and (quick/slow).
Innate;
Quick
(Innate/adaptive) immunity has memory and acts (quickly/slowly).
Adaptive;
slowly
(Innate/adaptive) immunity recognizes general features of microbe groups.
Innate
(Innate/adaptive) immunity has faster and (lesser/greater/equal) response to second encounter with same antigen.
Adaptive;
Greater
The main cells of the immune system.
Leukocytes
Main cells of adaptive immunity are (X).
X = B and T lymphocytes
B cells mature in (X) and T cells in (Y).
X = bone marrow; Y = thymus
The generative (central) lymphoid organs.
Bone marrow and thymus
B and T cells undergo cell division/differentiation in (central/peripheral) (X).
Peripheral
X = lymph organs
Main leukocytes of innate immunity are (X).
X = monocytes, granulocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and dendritic cells
Monocytes differentiate into (X) in (Y) tissue.
X = macrophages; Y = peripheral
(X) leukocytes are derived from sel-renewing hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow. What are the two lineages/pathways of maturation?
X = All;
- Myeloid lineage
- Lymphoid lineage
List examples of peripheral lymph organs.
- Spleen
- Lymph nodes
- Mucosa- and skin-associated lymph tissue
List the soluble molecules of immune system.
- Antibodies
- Complement
- Cytokines
T cells come from common (lymphoid/myeloid) progenitor.
Lymphoid
B cells come from common (lymphoid/myeloid) progenitor.
Lymphoid
Target-binding receptors are acquired in (central/peripheral) lymph organs.
Central (thymus and bone marrow)
Innate immunity cells acquire which target-binding receptors?
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
B cells acquire which target-binding receptors?
B cell receptor (BCR)
T cells acquire which target-binding receptors?
T cell receptor (TCR)
Each (PRR/BCR/TCR) is the same on all cells that express it.
PRR
(PRR/BCR/TCR)s are found in enormous diversity.
BCRs and TCRs
(PRR/BCR/TCR)s are found on cell surface and intracellularly.
PRRs
(PRR/BCR/TCR)s are found only on cell surface.
TCRs
(PRR/BCR/TCR)s are found on cell surface and soluble molecules.
BCRs
T/F: The antibody secreted by B cell is the same as its BCR.
True
Target-binding receptors bind to ligand through (reversible/irreversible), (covalent/non-covalent) interactions.
Reversible, non-covalent
Strength of interaction between one target subunit and one receptor.
Affinity
Strength of interaction between multiple target subunits and multiple receptor molecules.
Avidity
Foreign components that bind to target-binding receptors are called (X). Self/host components that bind are called (Y).
X = Y = antigens
B and T cells are referred to as “naive” up until:
they encounter antigen
While most (adaptive/innate) immune cells just pass through vasculature of (X) organs, (Y) cells enter (Z).
Innate;
X = peripheral lymph
Y = B and T
Z = extravascular space (interstitium) of the organs
List the antigen-presenting cells and the cells to whom they present.
- Dendritic cells (T cells)
- B cells (T cells)
- Macrophages (T cells)
- Follicular dendritic (B cells)
Which cell(s) of immune system undergo clonal selection? This process includes cell (activation/proliferation/differentiation).
T (into effector T) and B (into plasma) cells
All three
Following clonal selection, the (X) cells (reside/circulate) in (Y).
X = B cells and T cells;
Don’t circulate - reside;
Y = B cells in bone marrow and T cells in infected interstitium
List the two general strategies used by immune system to kill microbial particles.
- Intracellular killing (phagocytosis)
2. Extracellular killing (cytotoxicity)
Lysing is an example of (intra/extra)-cellular killing of microbes.
Extracellular
Which leukocytes primarily carry out intracellular killing of microbes?
Monocytes, neutrophils, macrophages
List two examples of extracellular killing of microbes.
- Bacteria by complement (lysis)
2. Worms by eosinophils (toxic injection)
Activation of additional immune forces includes (activation/secretion) of which substance(s)?
- Activation of complement system
2. Secretion of cytokines
The complement system consists of a group of (X) produced by (Y) and present in (Z).
X = proteins; Y = liver Z = blood
One key role of complements in immune response is:
lysis of microbes
Cytokines are (X) produced/secreted by primarily (Y).
X = soluble peptides; Y = macrophages, T helper, and dendritic cells
T/F: Each cytokine has a specific receptor.
True
T/f: Cells producing particular cytokine can’t have surface receptor for that cytokine.
False - they may (exerting autocrine/self effect)
T/F: Cytokines rely on diffusion, so their effect is only exerted at short-range.
False - mainly short-range, but if produced in large quantities, can also diffuse via vasculature
What’s the primarily function of cytokines?
Communication between immune system cells and each other/host cells
(Cytokines/chemokines) are subset of (cytokines/chemokines).
Chemokines; cytokines
Guided migration of immune cells via interaction with chemokines is a process called:
Chemotaxis
Leukocytes communicate via cell-cell interactions, mediated by which types of receptors?
- CDs
2. MHCs
