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Microbiology 2: Mycology and Virology > Methods of Diagnostic Virology > Flashcards

Methods of Diagnostic Virology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the different methods of diagnostic virology?

A

Direct detection
Virus Isolation Culture
Nucleic Acid-based detection
Serologic assays to detect antiviral antibodies

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2
Q

A method of diagnostic virology that is:

  • Not as sensitive as culture methods
  • Performed in a few minutes
  • Allow clinicians to make relevant decisions about therapy and hospitalization
A

Direct detection

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3
Q

Individual virus particles are too small to be seen by bright-field microscopy except for the _____.

A

Poxvirus

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4
Q

This type of microscopy can detect noncultivatable viruses

A

Electron microscopy

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5
Q

These are noncultivatable viruses in stool filtrates that can be seen using electron microscopy.

A

Norwalk viruses

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6
Q

These are characteristic visual changes in infected cells (lymphocytes) produced by many viruses.

A

Cytopathic effects (CPE)

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7
Q

What is the specimen used to detect cytopathic effects?

A

Cell scrapings from infected sites

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8
Q

This type of smear can detect Cowdry type A bodies (“Owl Eyes”) from herpes simplex virus (HSV) and Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV).

A

Tzanck smear

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9
Q

This type of smear can reveal human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated koilocytosis-squamous cells with an enlarged nucleus surrounded by a non-staining halo.

A

Papanicolaou (Pap) smear

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10
Q

Rabies is sometimes diagnosed by detecting _____ bodies, which are eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions in neurons.

A

Negri

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11
Q

This is the gold standard against which all other methods of diagnostic virology are compared.

A

Isolating viruses

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12
Q

What are the three methods used for the isolation of viruses in diagnostic virology?

A

Cell culture
Animal inoculation
Embryonated eggs

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13
Q

This is the most used method for the isolation of viruses.

A

Cell culture

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14
Q

This method of isolating viruses is extremely costly and is used only as a special resource and in reference laboratories

A

Animal inoculation

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15
Q

This is a term used to indicate culture of cells in vitro; the cells are not organized into a tissue.

A

Cell culture

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16
Q

This term is used to denote growth of tissues or an organ in any way that preserves the architecture or function of the tissue or organ.

A

Tissue culture or Organ culture

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17
Q

What are the three categories of cell cultures?

A

Primary
Low passage (or finite)
Continuous

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18
Q

This type of cell culture is obtained from tissue removed from an animal.

A

Primary cell culture

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19
Q

What are the steps in preparing a primary cell culture?

A

The tissue is finely minced
It is treated with an enzyme such as Trypsin to disperse individual cells further
Cells are seeded onto a surface to form a monolayer, such as in a flask or tube

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20
Q

Give an example of a commonly used primary cell culture.

A

Primary monkey kidney (PMK) cells

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21
Q

To maintain cell viability, they must periodically be removed from the surface, diluted, and placed into a new container. This process is referred to as _____.

A

Splitting or Passaging

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22
Q

Enumerate some primary cell cultures that have the same karyotype and chromosome number as the original tissue.

A

Human embryonic kidney HEK
Rabbit embryonic kidney REK
Primary monkey kidney PMK
Rhesus monkey kidney RMK
Cynomolgus monkey kidney CMK
African green monkey kidney AGMK

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23
Q

It is a type of cell culture also known as the diploid cell line.

A

Low Passage (Finite) Cell culture

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24
Q

Low Passage (Finite) Cell cultures can divide, but passage is limited to ___ generations.

A

50

25
Q

Finite cell lines and primary cell lines are (diploid/haploid), meaning they contain two copies of each chromosome.

A

Diploid

26
Q

Give an example of a standard finite cell culture used in diagnostic virology.

A

Human neonatal lung (HNL)

27
Q

This is a subcultivated primary cell culture wherein >/= 75% of cells have the same karyotype as the normal cells

A

Cell line

28
Q

These are cell cultures that are capable of infinite passage.

A

Continuous Cell line/culture

29
Q

This is the cell culture also known as the Heteroploid cell line.

A

Continuous Cell line/culture

30
Q

Continuous Cell line/culture are _____, meaning they have an abnormal and variable number of chromosomes that is not a multiple of the normal haploid cell.

A

Heteroploid

31
Q

These are cell lines wherein <75% of cells have the same karyotype as the normal cells

A

Heteroploid or immortal cell lines

32
Q

Enumerate some examples of continuous cell cultures.

A 
Human cervical carcinoma          HeLa
Human laryngeal carcinoma       Hep-2
Nasopharyngeal  carcinoma       KB
Human lung carcinoma                A-549
African green monkey kidney     Vero
33
Q

What are the different cytopathic effects on cell culture?

A
  1. Rounding
  2. Clumping
  3. Vacuolation
  4. Granulation
  5. Giant multinucleated cell
  6. Syncytial formation
  7. Cell destruction
  8. Cell lysis
34
Q

This is a virus that grows rapidly on many different cell lines and frequently produces CPE within 24 hours. Produces a focal CPE and plaques, or clusters of infected cells.

A

Human simplex virus (HSV)

35
Q

The combination of rapid growth , plaque formation, and growth on many different cell types such as MRC-5, human frobroblasts, Vero, HEp-2, mink lung, rabbit kidney cells, and PMK, is presumptive evidence for the identification of what virus?

A

Human simplex virus (HSV)

36
Q

What virus would have these characteristics:
(- growth) (PMK) Primary monkey kidney
(+++) (HDF) Human diploid fibroblasts
(+++) (HEp2) Human laryngeal carcinoma cell line
(+++) (RK) Rabbit kidney
(+++) (A549) Human lung carcinoma cell line
CPE: large rounded cells

A

Human simplex virus (HSV)

37
Q

What virus would have these characteristics:
(- growth) (PMK) Primary monkey kidney
(+++) (HDF) Human diploid fibroblasts
(- growth) (HEp2) Human laryngeal carcinoma cell line
(- growth) (RK) Rabbit kidney
(- growth) (A549) Human lung carcinoma cell line
CPE: large rounded cells

A

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

38
Q

What virus would have these characteristics:
(- growth) (PMK) Primary monkey kidney
(+++) (HDF) Human diploid fibroblasts
(- growth) (HEp2) Human laryngeal carcinoma cell line
(- growth) (RK) Rabbit kidney
(-/+) (A549) Human lung carcinoma cell line
CPE: foci or rounded cells; possible syncytia

A

Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV)

39
Q

What virus would have these characteristics:
(+) (PMK) Primary monkey kidney
(+) (HDF) Human diploid fibroblasts
(++) (HEp2) Human laryngeal carcinoma cell line
(- growth) (RK) Rabbit kidney
(+) (A549) Human lung carcinoma cell line
CPE: Refractile, round cells in clusters

A

Enterovirus

40
Q

What virus would have these characteristics:
(+) (PMK) Primary monkey kidney
(++) (HDF) Human diploid fibroblasts
(+++) (HEp2) Human laryngeal carcinoma cell line
(- growth) (RK) Rabbit kidney
(++) (A549) Human lung carcinoma cell line
CPE: Large, round cells in clusters

A

Adenovirus

41
Q

What virus would have these characteristics:
(-/+) (PMK) Primary monkey kidney
(+) (HDF) Human diploid fibroblasts
(+++) (HEp2) Human laryngeal carcinoma cell line
(- growth) (RK) Rabbit kidney
(++) (A549) Human lung carcinoma cell line
CPE: Syncytia

A

Respiratory syncytial virus

42
Q

What virus would have these characteristics:
(+++) (PMK) Primary monkey kidney
(-/+) (HDF) Human diploid fibroblasts
(- growth) (HEp2) Human laryngeal carcinoma cell line
(- growth) (RK) Rabbit kidney
(- growth) (A549) Human lung carcinoma cell line
CPE: Variable (none to granular appearance)

A

Influenza/parainfluenza

43
Q

This virus shows rapid growth in HDF, but no growth in OMK, HEp2, RK and A549. Its CPE is the appearance of large, rounded cells

A

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

44
Q

These are giant multinucleated cells formed from cell fusion as a result of virus infection

A

Syncytia

45
Q

This is a simple method that more rapidly identifies viruses than does the traditional cell culture cell method.

A

Shell vial culture technique

46
Q

This is a small, round, flat-bottom tube, generally with a screw cap.

A

Shell vial

47
Q

In this type of cell culture, cells are grown on a round cover slip in a shell vial.

A

Centrifugation-Enhanced Shell vial culture

48
Q

The shell vial is inoculated with the clinical sample and then centrifuged to promote _____.

A

Viral absorption

49
Q

(T/F) Serologic assays are retrospective studies

A

T

50
Q

What are the disadvantages of serologic assays?

A
  1. Measures host response rather than detection of virus
  2. Antibody producing capabilities of human hosts vary widely
  3. Antibody level doses are not necessarily correlated with the acuteness or activity level of the infection
51
Q

The presence of what immunoglobulin indicates an acute infection?

A

IgM

52
Q

What are the indications of serologic testing?

A
  1. Diagnosis of infections with non-culturable agents
  2. Determination of immune status (rubella, measles, VZV, HAV, HBV)
  3. Monitoring of patients who have immunosuppresion
  4. Epidemiologic or prevalance status
53
Q

What are the types of viruses based on nucleic acid?

A

Double-stranded DNA viruses (dsDNA)
Single-stranded DNA viruses (ssDNA)
Single-stranded RNA viruses (ssRNA)
Double-stranded RNA viruses (dsDNA)

54
Q

What are the general types of the clinically significant viruses?

A 
Double-stranded DNA viruses (dsDNA)
Single-stranded DNA viruses (ssDNA)
Single-stranded RNA viruses (ssRNA)
Double-stranded RNA viruses (dsDNA)
Hepatitis virus
55
Q

What are the two types of dsDNA?

A

Enveloped

Naked

56
Q

What are the two types of enveloped dsDNA?

A

Icosahedral

Complex

57
Q

Give a specific type of an icosahedral, enveloped dsDNA?

A

Herpesviridae (Simplex virus, varicella virus)

58
Q

Give a specific type of a complex, enveloped dsDNA?

A

Poxviridae (Orthopoxvirus [Variola, Vaccinia])

59
Q

Give specific types of icosahedral, naked dsDNA

A

Papillomaviridae (Papillomavirus)

Adenoviridae (Mastadenovirus)

Microbiology 2: Mycology and Virology (7 decks)

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