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Microbiology 2: Mycology and Virology > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Fungi are generally classified as either _____ or _____.

A

Moulds

Yeasts

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2
Q

This is an environmental fungi that derives nutrients from dead organic material and are generally nonpathogenic to humans.

A

Saprobes

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3
Q

Fungi are (prokaryotic/eukaryotic).

A

Eukaryotic. Possess a true nucleus with a nuclear membrane and mitochondria.

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4
Q

Unlike plants, fungi lack _____ and must absorb nutrients from the environment.

A

Chlorophyll

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5
Q

Fungal cell walls are made of _____. whereas those of plants contain cellulose.

A

Chitin

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6
Q

Most fungi are obligate aerobes that grow best at a/an (acidic/neutral/basic) pH, although they tolerate a wide range of pH.

A

Neutral

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7
Q

These are unicellular, single vegetative cells that typically form a smooth, creamy, bacterial-like colony without aerial hypae.

A

Yeasts

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8
Q

Because yeasts have similar macroscopic and microscopic morphologies, their identification is based primarily on _____.

A

Biochemical testing

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9
Q

Yeasts reproduce by _____, with subsequent production of blastoconidium (daughter cell).

A

Budding

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10
Q

This process involves lysis of the yeast cell wall so that a blastoconidium can form.

A

Budding

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11
Q

As the blastoconidium enlarges, the nucleus of parent cell undergoes mitosis. Once the new nucleus is passed into the daughter cell, a _____ forms and the daughter cell beaks free.

A

Septum

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12
Q

Most multicellular moulds have a _____ appearance because of the formation of mycelia.

A

“Fyzzy” or wooly

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13
Q

The mycelia are made up of many intertwining long strands of tubelike structures called _____, which are either aerial or vegetative.

A

Hyphae

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14
Q

The fundamental unit of fungi

A

Hyphae

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15
Q

This type of mycelia extend above the surface of the colony and are responsible for the fuzzy appearance. In addition, mycelia can support the reproductive structures that produce conidia.

A

Aerial mycelia (Reproductive)

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16
Q

This part of the mycelia can be used to identify the different fungal genera.

A

Conidia

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17
Q

This type of mycelia extend downward into the medium to absorb nutrients.

A

Vegetative mycelia (Thallus)

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18
Q

A type of hyphae that have swollen, branching tips that resemble moose antlers.

A

Antler hyphae (Favic chandelier)

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19
Q

A type of hyphae that contain enlarged, club-shaped areas.

A

Racquet hyphae

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20
Q

A type of hyphae that are tightly coiled

A

Spiral hyphae

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21
Q

These are rootlike structures, might be seen in some of the Zygomycetes, and their presence and placement can assist with identification.

A

Rhizoids

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22
Q

A type of fungal hyphae that show frequent cross-walls occurring perpendicularly to the outer walls of the hyphae.

A

Septate hyphae

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23
Q

A type of fungal hyphae that have few cross-walls at irregular intervals.

A

Sparsely septate hyphae

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24
Q

This term, meaning the absent of septations, has historically been used to describe the hyphae of the Zygomycetes.

A

Aseptate

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25
Q

This type of hyphae are either nonpigmented or lightly pigmented.

A

Hyaline (moniliaceous) hyphae

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26
Q

This type of hyphae are darkly pigmented because of the presence of melanin in the cell wall. Depending on the amount of melanin present, the hyphae will appear pale to dark brown or nearly black.

A

Dematiaceous hyphae

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27
Q

All fungal elements appear black when this type of stain is used.

A

Gomori methylene stain

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28
Q

This stain specifically stains melanin causing dematiaceous hyphae to appear brown whereas hyaline hyphae, remain pink to red.

A

Fontana-Mason stain

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29
Q

When using Fontana-Mason stain, dematiaceous hyphae will be colored _____.

A

Brown

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30
Q

When using Fontana-Mason stain, hyaline hyphae will be colored _____.

A

Pink to red

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31
Q

This term refers to the ability of some fungi to exist inn two forms, depending on growth conditions.

A

Dimorphism

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32
Q

Dimorphic fungi include what two phases?

A

Mould phase

Yeast or spherule phase

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33
Q

This is a phase of the dimporphic fungi that is seen in vivo or when the organism is grown at 37 C with increased CO2.

A

Yeast or spherule phase

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34
Q

This is a phase of the dimporphic fungi that is seen when the organism is grown at room temperature (22 - 25 C) in ambient air conditions.

A

Mould phase

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35
Q

Enumerate some thermally dimorphic fungal species associated with human disease.

A 
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Coccidioides immitis
Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
Sporothrix schenckii
Penicillium marneffei
36
Q

Term used to describe infections/diseases due to fungi

37
Q

This type of fungi have both yeast and mould forms in the same culture. Best observed in Exophiala spp., where the yeast phase is typically observed initially followed by the mould phase as the colony ages

A

Polymorohic fungi

38
Q

(TRUE/FALSE) Fungi can reproduce asexually (imperfect) or sexually (perfect).

39
Q

This type of fungal reproduction results in the formation of conidia (single: conidium) following mitosis.

A

Asexual reproduction

40
Q

Asexual reproduction is carried out by specialized fruiting structures known as _____.

A

Conidiogenous cells

41
Q

These are formed by the Conidiogenous cells; contains all the genetic material necessary to create a new fungal colony.

42
Q

Enumerate the two common conidiogenous cells

A

Phialide

Annelide

43
Q

A type of conidiogenous cell that are vaselike structures that produce phialoconidia

44
Q

A type of conidiogenous cell that are ringed structures that produce annelloconidia

45
Q

Phialide and annelide both form their conidia through _____.

46
Q

These conidia are formed by fragmentation of fertile hyphae.

A

Arthroconidia (S: Arthroconidium)

47
Q

A fungus that reproduces sexually is known as a _____.

A

Teleomorph.

48
Q

Occasionally a teleomorph will reproduce asexually. When this occurs, the asexual form is called a _____.

49
Q

If more than one anamorph is present for the same teleomorph, the anamorphs are termed _____.

A

Synanamorphs; ex.
Pseudallescheria boydii with two anamorphs:
Scedosporium apiospermum
Graphium sp.

50
Q

Most of the etiologic agents of clinical infections are found in four groups of fungi which are:

A

Division Zygomycota
Division Ascomycota
Division Basidiomycota
form-Division Fungi imperfecti (Deuteromycota)

51
Q

Members of this class of fungi are rapidly growing organisms normally found in the soil. They are often opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised hosts.

A

Class Zygomycetes

52
Q

These class of fungi generallyproduce profuse, gray to white, aerial mycelium, characterized by the presence of sparsely septate hyphae.

A

Class Zygomycetes

53
Q

Describe the asexual reproduction of Zygomycetes.

A

The asexual spores (Sporangiospores) are produced in a structure known as a sporangium, which develops from a sporangiophore.

54
Q

Zygomycetes that undergoes sexual reproduction results in the production of _____.

A

Zygospores

55
Q

Enumerate some common Zygomycetes

A

Mucor
Rhizopus
Absidia

56
Q

Fungi associated with this class are characterized by the production of sexual spores known as ascospores.

A

Ascomycetes

57
Q

These are formed within a sac-like structure known as the ascus.

A

Ascospores

58
Q

Enumerate some common Ascomycetes

A

Microsporum spp.
Trichophyton spp.
Pseudallescheria boydii

59
Q

It is the only known major pathogen among the basidiomycetes.

A

Filobasidiella neoformas, the perfect form of Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans

60
Q

One clue that a mould is a basidiomycete is the presence of _____. These occur at the septations in the vegetative hyphae and areeasily visible with light microscopy.

A

Clamp connections

61
Q

This fungal division contains the largest number of organisms that are etiologic agents of mycoses, including cutaneous, subcutaneous, and systemic disease.

A

form-division Fungi Imperfecti (Deuteromycota)

62
Q

Organisms are placed within the form-division Fungi Imperfecti (Deuteromycota) when no mode of (asexual/sexual) reproduction has been identified.

63
Q

Enumerate the different sites of fungal infections.

A

Superficial
Cutaneous
Subcutaneous
Systemic mycoses

64
Q

These are infections not involving the skin or deeper tissues just under the skin

65
Q

These are infections confined to the outermost layer of skin or hair.

A

Superficial mycoses

66
Q

This disease is characterized by discoloration or depigmentation and scaling of the skin.

A

Tinea versicolor (Ptyriasis veersicolor)

67
Q

Tinea versicolor (Ptyriasis veersicolor) is caused by the yeast identified as _____.

A

Malassezia furfur complex

68
Q

This nondermatophytic superficial infection is characterized by brown or black macular patches primarily on the palms.

A

Tinea nigra

69
Q

This disease is almost always caused by Phaeoannellomyces werneckii.

A

Tinea nigra

70
Q

A superficial infection that is confined to the hair shaft and is characterized by nodules composed of hyphae and a cementlike substance that attaches it to the hair shaft.

71
Q

Black piedra is caused by _____.

A

Peidraia hortae

72
Q

White piedra is caused by _____ and _____.

A

Trychophyton ovoides

T. inkin

73
Q

These are defined as fungal diseases of the keratinized tissues of humans and other animals. This syndrome is most often a result of infection with a dermatophyte, thus the term dermatophytosis.

A

Dermatomycoses

74
Q

Enumerate some symptoms of cutaneous mycoses

A 
Itching
Scaling
Ring like patches of the skin
Brittle, broken hairs
Thick discolored nails
75
Q

This type of mycoses involve the deeper skin layers, including muscle, connective tissue, and bone.

A

Subcutaneous mycoses

76
Q

Give two characteristic clinical features of subcutaneous mycoses.

A

Progressive, nonhealing ulcers

Presence of draining sinus tracts

77
Q

In tropical areas, these agents cause chromoblastomycosis, characterized as verrucous nodules that often become ulcerated and crusted

A

Phialophora spp.

Cladosporium spp.

78
Q

This disease is diagnosed by the presence of characteristic lesions and the microscopic sclerotic bodies, often referred to as copper bodies, because of their shape and staining properties in tissue sections.

A

Chromoblastomycosis

79
Q

This is caused by both fungi and bacteria and results in draining sinus tracts and tissue destruction.

A

Eumycotic mycetoma

80
Q

These are tightly bound hyphae that can be collected from the fluids that drain from the sinus tracks of patients with Eumycotic mycetoma

A

Grains (granules)

81
Q

This species commonly presents as a progressively lymphocutaneous infection beginning with a single lesion and progressing along the limbs via the lymph system.

A

Sporothrix schenckii

82
Q

These are mycoses that affect internal organs or deep tissues of the body.

A

Systemic or disseminated mycoses

83
Q

What is the frequent site of infection for Systemic or disseminated mycoses, from which the organism disseminates hematogenously to other organs or the skin.

84
Q

Generalized symptoms of systemic or disseminated mycoses include:

A

Fever and fatigue; might also be accompanied by chronic cough and chest pain

85
Q

The term systemic mycoses has been used to describe diseases caused by thermally dimorphic fungi including:

A

Histoplasma
Coccidioides
Blastomyces

86
Q

Enumerate some fungal agents that are capable of causing systemic disease

A

Aspergillus
Fusarium
Bipolaris
Monomorphic yests: Candida albicans & Cryptococus neoformans

Microbiology 2: Mycology and Virology (7 decks)

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