Intro

Question 1

Fungi are generally classified as either _____ or _____.

Answer 1

Moulds

Yeasts

Question 2

This is an environmental fungi that derives nutrients from dead organic material and are generally nonpathogenic to humans.

Answer 2

Saprobes

Question 3

Fungi are (prokaryotic/eukaryotic).

Answer 3

Eukaryotic. Possess a true nucleus with a nuclear membrane and mitochondria.

Question 4

Unlike plants, fungi lack _____ and must absorb nutrients from the environment.

Answer 4

Chlorophyll

Question 5

Fungal cell walls are made of _____. whereas those of plants contain cellulose.

Answer 5

Chitin

Question 6

Most fungi are obligate aerobes that grow best at a/an (acidic/neutral/basic) pH, although they tolerate a wide range of pH.

Answer 6

Neutral

Question 7

These are unicellular, single vegetative cells that typically form a smooth, creamy, bacterial-like colony without aerial hypae.

Answer 7

Yeasts

Question 8

Because yeasts have similar macroscopic and microscopic morphologies, their identification is based primarily on _____.

Answer 8

Biochemical testing

Question 9

Yeasts reproduce by _____, with subsequent production of blastoconidium (daughter cell).

Answer 9

Budding

Question 10

This process involves lysis of the yeast cell wall so that a blastoconidium can form.

Answer 10

Budding

Question 11

As the blastoconidium enlarges, the nucleus of parent cell undergoes mitosis. Once the new nucleus is passed into the daughter cell, a _____ forms and the daughter cell beaks free.

Answer 11

Septum

Question 12

Most multicellular moulds have a _____ appearance because of the formation of mycelia.

Answer 12

“Fyzzy” or wooly

Question 13

The mycelia are made up of many intertwining long strands of tubelike structures called _____, which are either aerial or vegetative.

Answer 13

Hyphae

Question 14

The fundamental unit of fungi

Answer 14

Hyphae

Question 15

This type of mycelia extend above the surface of the colony and are responsible for the fuzzy appearance. In addition, mycelia can support the reproductive structures that produce conidia.

Answer 15

Aerial mycelia (Reproductive)

Question 16

This part of the mycelia can be used to identify the different fungal genera.

Answer 16

Conidia

Question 17

This type of mycelia extend downward into the medium to absorb nutrients.

Answer 17

Vegetative mycelia (Thallus)

Question 18

A type of hyphae that have swollen, branching tips that resemble moose antlers.

Answer 18

Antler hyphae (Favic chandelier)

Question 19

A type of hyphae that contain enlarged, club-shaped areas.

Answer 19

Racquet hyphae

Question 20

A type of hyphae that are tightly coiled

Answer 20

Spiral hyphae

Question 21

These are rootlike structures, might be seen in some of the Zygomycetes, and their presence and placement can assist with identification.

Answer 21

Rhizoids

Question 22

A type of fungal hyphae that show frequent cross-walls occurring perpendicularly to the outer walls of the hyphae.

Answer 22

Septate hyphae

Question 23

A type of fungal hyphae that have few cross-walls at irregular intervals.

Answer 23

Sparsely septate hyphae

Question 24

This term, meaning the absent of septations, has historically been used to describe the hyphae of the Zygomycetes.

Answer 24

Aseptate

Question 25

This type of hyphae are either nonpigmented or lightly pigmented.

Answer 25

Hyaline (moniliaceous) hyphae

Question 26

This type of hyphae are darkly pigmented because of the presence of melanin in the cell wall. Depending on the amount of melanin present, the hyphae will appear pale to dark brown or nearly black.

Answer 26

Dematiaceous hyphae

Question 27

All fungal elements appear black when this type of stain is used.

Answer 27

Gomori methylene stain

Question 28

This stain specifically stains melanin causing dematiaceous hyphae to appear brown whereas hyaline hyphae, remain pink to red.

Answer 28

Fontana-Mason stain

Question 29

When using Fontana-Mason stain, dematiaceous hyphae will be colored _____.

Answer 29

Brown

Question 30

When using Fontana-Mason stain, hyaline hyphae will be colored _____.

Answer 30

Pink to red

Question 31

This term refers to the ability of some fungi to exist inn two forms, depending on growth conditions.

Answer 31

Dimorphism

Question 32

Dimorphic fungi include what two phases?

Answer 32

Mould phase | Yeast or spherule phase

Question 33

This is a phase of the dimporphic fungi that is seen in vivo or when the organism is grown at 37 C with increased CO2.

Answer 33

Yeast or spherule phase

Question 34

This is a phase of the dimporphic fungi that is seen when the organism is grown at room temperature (22 - 25 C) in ambient air conditions.

Answer 34

Mould phase

Question 35

Enumerate some thermally dimorphic fungal species associated with human disease.

Answer 35

``` Blastomyces dermatitidis Coccidioides immitis Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Sporothrix schenckii Penicillium marneffei ```

Question 36

Term used to describe infections/diseases due to fungi

Answer 36

Mycoses

Question 37

This type of fungi have both yeast and mould forms in the same culture. Best observed in Exophiala spp., where the yeast phase is typically observed initially followed by the mould phase as the colony ages

Answer 37

Polymorohic fungi

Question 38

(TRUE/FALSE) Fungi can reproduce asexually (imperfect) or sexually (perfect).

Answer 38

TRUE

Question 39

This type of fungal reproduction results in the formation of conidia (single: conidium) following mitosis.

Answer 39

Asexual reproduction

Question 40

Asexual reproduction is carried out by specialized fruiting structures known as _____.

Answer 40

Conidiogenous cells

Question 41

These are formed by the Conidiogenous cells; contains all the genetic material necessary to create a new fungal colony.

Answer 41

Conidia

Question 42

Enumerate the two common conidiogenous cells

Answer 42

Phialide | Annelide

Question 43

A type of conidiogenous cell that are vaselike structures that produce phialoconidia

Answer 43

Phialide

Question 44

A type of conidiogenous cell that are ringed structures that produce annelloconidia

Answer 44

Annelide

Question 45

Phialide and annelide both form their conidia through _____.

Answer 45

Budding

Question 46

These conidia are formed by fragmentation of fertile hyphae.

Answer 46

Arthroconidia (S: Arthroconidium)

Question 47

A fungus that reproduces sexually is known as a _____.

Answer 47

Teleomorph.

Question 48

Occasionally a teleomorph will reproduce asexually. When this occurs, the asexual form is called a _____.

Answer 48

Anamorph

Question 49

If more than one anamorph is present for the same teleomorph, the anamorphs are termed _____.

Answer 49

Synanamorphs; ex. Pseudallescheria boydii with two anamorphs: Scedosporium apiospermum Graphium sp.

Question 50

Most of the etiologic agents of clinical infections are found in four groups of fungi which are:

Answer 50

Division Zygomycota Division Ascomycota Division Basidiomycota form-Division Fungi imperfecti (Deuteromycota)

Question 51

Members of this class of fungi are rapidly growing organisms normally found in the soil. They are often opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised hosts.

Answer 51

Class Zygomycetes

Question 52

These class of fungi generallyproduce profuse, gray to white, aerial mycelium, characterized by the presence of sparsely septate hyphae.

Answer 52

Class Zygomycetes

Question 53

Describe the asexual reproduction of Zygomycetes.

Answer 53

The asexual spores (Sporangiospores) are produced in a structure known as a sporangium, which develops from a sporangiophore.

Question 54

Zygomycetes that undergoes sexual reproduction results in the production of _____.

Answer 54

Zygospores

Question 55

Enumerate some common Zygomycetes

Answer 55

Mucor Rhizopus Absidia

Question 56

Fungi associated with this class are characterized by the production of sexual spores known as ascospores.

Answer 56

Ascomycetes

Question 57

These are formed within a sac-like structure known as the ascus.

Answer 57

Ascospores

Question 58

Enumerate some common Ascomycetes

Answer 58

Microsporum spp. Trichophyton spp. Pseudallescheria boydii

Question 59

It is the only known major pathogen among the basidiomycetes.

Answer 59

Filobasidiella neoformas, the perfect form of Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans

Question 60

One clue that a mould is a basidiomycete is the presence of _____. These occur at the septations in the vegetative hyphae and areeasily visible with light microscopy.

Answer 60

Clamp connections

Question 61

This fungal division contains the largest number of organisms that are etiologic agents of mycoses, including cutaneous, subcutaneous, and systemic disease.

Answer 61

form-division Fungi Imperfecti (Deuteromycota)

Question 62

Organisms are placed within the form-division Fungi Imperfecti (Deuteromycota) when no mode of (asexual/sexual) reproduction has been identified.

Answer 62

Sexual

Question 63

Enumerate the different sites of fungal infections.

Answer 63

Superficial Cutaneous Subcutaneous Systemic mycoses

Question 64

These are infections not involving the skin or deeper tissues just under the skin

Answer 64

Systemic

Question 65

These are infections confined to the outermost layer of skin or hair.

Answer 65

Superficial mycoses

Question 66

This disease is characterized by discoloration or depigmentation and scaling of the skin.

Answer 66

Tinea versicolor (Ptyriasis veersicolor)

Question 67

Tinea versicolor (Ptyriasis veersicolor) is caused by the yeast identified as _____.

Answer 67

Malassezia furfur complex

Question 68

This nondermatophytic superficial infection is characterized by brown or black macular patches primarily on the palms.

Answer 68

Tinea nigra

Question 69

This disease is almost always caused by Phaeoannellomyces werneckii.

Answer 69

Tinea nigra

Question 70

A superficial infection that is confined to the hair shaft and is characterized by nodules composed of hyphae and a cementlike substance that attaches it to the hair shaft.

Answer 70

Piedra

Question 71

Black piedra is caused by _____.

Answer 71

Peidraia hortae

Question 72

White piedra is caused by _____ and _____.

Answer 72

Trychophyton ovoides | T. inkin

Question 73

These are defined as fungal diseases of the keratinized tissues of humans and other animals. This syndrome is most often a result of infection with a dermatophyte, thus the term dermatophytosis.

Answer 73

Dermatomycoses

Question 74

Enumerate some symptoms of cutaneous mycoses

Answer 74

``` Itching Scaling Ring like patches of the skin Brittle, broken hairs Thick discolored nails ```

Question 75

This type of mycoses involve the deeper skin layers, including muscle, connective tissue, and bone.

Answer 75

Subcutaneous mycoses

Question 76

Give two characteristic clinical features of subcutaneous mycoses.

Answer 76

Progressive, nonhealing ulcers | Presence of draining sinus tracts

Question 77

In tropical areas, these agents cause chromoblastomycosis, characterized as verrucous nodules that often become ulcerated and crusted

Answer 77

Phialophora spp. | Cladosporium spp.

Question 78

This disease is diagnosed by the presence of characteristic lesions and the microscopic sclerotic bodies, often referred to as copper bodies, because of their shape and staining properties in tissue sections.

Answer 78

Chromoblastomycosis

Question 79

This is caused by both fungi and bacteria and results in draining sinus tracts and tissue destruction.

Answer 79

Eumycotic mycetoma

Question 80

These are tightly bound hyphae that can be collected from the fluids that drain from the sinus tracks of patients with Eumycotic mycetoma

Answer 80

Grains (granules)

Question 81

This species commonly presents as a progressively lymphocutaneous infection beginning with a single lesion and progressing along the limbs via the lymph system.

Answer 81

Sporothrix schenckii

Question 82

These are mycoses that affect internal organs or deep tissues of the body.

Answer 82

Systemic or disseminated mycoses

Question 83

What is the frequent site of infection for Systemic or disseminated mycoses, from which the organism disseminates hematogenously to other organs or the skin.

Answer 83

Lungs

Question 84

Generalized symptoms of systemic or disseminated mycoses include:

Answer 84

Fever and fatigue; might also be accompanied by chronic cough and chest pain

Question 85

The term systemic mycoses has been used to describe diseases caused by thermally dimorphic fungi including:

Answer 85

Histoplasma Coccidioides Blastomyces

Question 86

Enumerate some fungal agents that are capable of causing systemic disease

Answer 86

Aspergillus Fusarium Bipolaris Monomorphic yests: Candida albicans & Cryptococus neoformans