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Microbiology 2: Mycology and Virology > dsDNA Viruses: Herpesviridae > Flashcards

dsDNA Viruses: Herpesviridae Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the family and genome of the Herpesvirus?

A

Family Herpesviridae

Genome: Linear dsDNA

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2
Q

What type of capsid does a herpesvirus have?

A

Icosahedral

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3
Q

(T/F) Herpesviruses have an icosahedral capsid, an integument surrounding the capsid, and it has no envelope.

A

F (Has an envelope)

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4
Q

How does a herpesvirus replicate?

A

Budding

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5
Q

(T/F) Not all herpesviruses can achieve latency and lifelong persistence in their hosts.

A

F (All)

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6
Q

Enumerate some stimuli that can activate a herpesvirus.

A

Stress
Caffeine
Sunlight

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7
Q

What effects could the activation of a herpesvirus have?

A

Can cause lesions to reappear

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8
Q

What are the eight known species of human herpesviruses (HHV)?

A

(HHV-1) Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1, Human herpes virus type 1)
(HHV-2) Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2, Human herpes virus type 2)
(HHV-3) Varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
(HHV-4) Ebstein-Barr virus (EBV)
(HHV-5) Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
(HHV6) Human herpes virus 6
(HHV7) Human herpes virus 7
(HHV8) Human herpes virus 8 (Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus)

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9
Q

HSV-1 and HSV-2 belong to what genus?

A

Simplexvirus

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10
Q

(T/F) Most infections with HSV are symptomatic.

A

F( (Asymptomatic)

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11
Q

(T/F) HSV-1 - oropharyngeal sores (adults);

HSV-2 - genitalia (young adults)

A

T

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12
Q

The disease caused by the human simplex virus (HSV) infection is classically divided into two categories: _____ and _____.

A

Primary(first or initial infection)

Recurrent (Reactivation of the latent virus)

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13
Q

What is the category of an HSV ifection if it is the first or initial infection?

A

Primary

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14
Q

What is the category of an HSV ifection if it is the reactivation of the latent virus?

A

Recurrent

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15
Q

How is the HSV infection generally spread? (Mode of transmission)

A

By contact with contaminated secretions, lesions/ulceration of mucous membranes and genitalia

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16
Q

In a human simplex virus (HSV) infection, lesions usually occur on mucous membranes after how many days of incubation?

A

2 - 11 days

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17
Q

(T/F) Individuals infected with the human simplex virus (HSV) are lest infectious during the early days of a primary infection.

A

F (Most infectious)

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18
Q

In an individual infected with the HSV, the virus-infected cells are usually found at what part of the lesions?

A

Edge and in the base

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19
Q

What are the different clinical manifestations of the Human simplex virus (HSV)?

A 
Oral Herpes
Genital Herpes
Neonatal Herpes
HSV encephalitis
Ocular Herpes
Herpetic whitlow
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20
Q

Oral herpes infections are usually but not exclusively caused by what type of human simplex virus (HSV)?

A

HSV-1

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21
Q

How long is the incubatoin period of oral herpes?

A

varies from 2 days to 2 weeks

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22
Q

(T/F) Oral herpes are usually symptomatic during primary infections.

A

F (Asymptomatic)

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23
Q

When oral herpes is symptomatic during primary infection, what is/are its common manifestation/s?

A

Intraoral mucosal vesicles (rarely seen)
Ulcerations that may be quite widespread and involves the buccal mucosa, posterior pharynx, and gingival and palatal mucosae

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24
Q

When oral herpes is symptomatic during primary infection, the ulcerations that may be widespread would involve what parts of the human body?

A

Buccal mucosa
Posterios pharynx
Gingival and palatal mucosae

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25
Q

The (primary/recurrent or reactivation) HSV infection usually occurs on the border of the lips at the junction of the oral mucosa and skin.

A

Recurrent or reactivation

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26
Q

(T/F) In oral herpes, the prodrome [an early symptom indicating the onset of a disease or illness] of burning or pain followed by vesicles, ulcers, and crusted lesions is the typical pattern.

A

T

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27
Q

Genital herpes infections are usually caused by what type of human simplex virus (HSV)?

A

HSV-2

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28
Q

When genital herpes infection manifests, how will it appear in females?

A

As vesicles on the mucosa of the labia, vagina, or both.

Cervical and vulvar involvement is not uncommon.

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29
Q

When genital herpes infection manifests, what are the sites that are usually affected in males?

A

Shaft, glans, and prepuce of the penis

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30
Q

When infected with genital herpes, this part of the reproductive system is usually infected in both sexes.

A

Urethra

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31
Q

What are the complication that can occur when infected with oral herpes?

A

Transmission to newborn infant
Aseptic meningitis
Transmission of HIV is doubled

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32
Q

This infection is caused by the transmission of HSV from infected mothers to neonates.

A

Neonatal herpes

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33
Q

What is the mode of transmission of neonatal herpes?

A

acquired in utero, intrapartum (during birth), or postnatally (after birth)

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34
Q

Neonatal herpes is most commonly transmitted during _____.

A

Vaginal delivery

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35
Q

When is there reduced transmission/risk of acquiring neonatal herpes?

A

Mother has recurrent herpes

Cesarean section or suppressive antiviral therapy at delivery

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36
Q

This clinical manifestation of the human simplex virus infection is rare bu devastating, with a mortality of about 70%.

A

HSV encephalitis

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37
Q

HSV encephalitis in older children and adults is usually caused by what type of HSV virus?

A

HSV-1

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38
Q

HSV encephalitis in neonates is usually caused by what type of HSV virus ?

A

HSV-2

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39
Q

What is the treatment for a patient with HSV encephalitis?

A

Intravenous (IV) antiviral treatment

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40
Q

Patients who survive from this infection, would usually have permanent neurological disorder.

A

HSV encephalitis

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41
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of ocular herpes?

A

Keratoconjuncitvitis (Sore eyes)

Corneal ulceration

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42
Q

This is the most common cause of corneal infection in the US.

A

HSV

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43
Q

Inadvertent self transmission (autoinoculation) can occur in this clinical manifestation of herpes.

A

Ocular Herpes

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44
Q

(T/F) Ocular Herpes will heal completely with treaatment.

A

T

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45
Q

This clinical manifestation of herpes causes an intensely painful infection of the hand involving one or more fingers that typically affect the terminal phalanx

A

Herpetic Whitlow

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46
Q

Herpetic Whitlow is most commonly caused by what type of HSV virus?

A

HSV-1

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47
Q

This clinical manifestation of herpes has occupational risks among healthcare workers; persons with skin diseases can have serious infections.

A

Herpetic Whitlow

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48
Q

HSV infections are diagnosed using _____ and _____.

A

Antigen detection

Viral isolation

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49
Q

The best specimens for culture of HSV infections are:

A

Asprates from vesicles
Open lesions
Host cells collected from infected sites

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50
Q

This specimen must be used for the diagnosis of encephalitis.

A

Brain biopsy

51
Q

What are the lab diagnosis used for HSV infection?

A 
Cytopathology (CPE) - multinucleated grant cells from skin scrapings
PCR - used for systemic/encephalitis
Serology
   - IgG appear 4-7 days
   - Can't discriminate HSV-1 from HSV-2
52
Q

Varicella-Zoster virus belongs to what genus?

A

Varicellovirus

53
Q

What is the MoT of the Varicella-Zoster virus?

A

Droplet inhalation

Direct contact with infected lesions

54
Q

What are the two clinical manifestations of the Varicella-Zoster virus?

A

Varicella

Zoster

55
Q

This is the clinical manifestation of the Varicella-Zoster virus that is also known as chickenpox.

A

Varicella

56
Q

This is the clinical manifestation of the Varicella-Zoster virus that is also known as shingles.

A

Zoster (Herpes zoster)

57
Q

This is the primary infection of the Varicella-Zoster virus. It is highly contagious and more common children.

A

Varicella

58
Q

What are the symptoms of Varicella?

A

Mild febrile illness
Rash
Vesicular lesion (1st - head & trunk, then limbs; heal in 1-2 weeks)

59
Q

These may develop in adults infected with Varicella.

A

Painful oral mucosal lesions.

60
Q

This is the clinical manifestation due to reactivation of the Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV) and usually occurs in adults.

A

Herpes zoster

61
Q

After primary infection, the VZV is thought to remain latent in the _____ or _____.

A

Dorsal root

Cranial nerve ganglia

62
Q

What is the most common presentation of zoster?

A

Rash followed by vesicular lesions in a unilateral dermatome pattern.

63
Q

This clinical manifestation of Varicella-Zoster virus causes an inflammation of ganglia and sensory neurons.

A

Zoster

64
Q

What are the lab diagnoses used for Varicella-Zoster virus infection?

A

Virus isolation

Flourescent-labeled monoclonal antibodies

65
Q

In atypical cases of Varicella-Zoster virus infection, what diagnoses are used?

A

Culture of fresh lesions (Vesicles)

Use of Flourescent-labeled monoclonall antibodies against VZV (confirms the diagnosis)

66
Q

Varicella-Zoster virus can be cultured on _____ or _____.

A

Human embryonicc lung

Vero cells

67
Q

(T/F) The vaccination of Varicella-Zoster virus was approved in the US in 1995 and causes lifelong immunity.

A

T

68
Q

For what diseases is the MMRV tetravalent vaccine?

A

Measles
Mumps
Rubella
Varicella

69
Q

What is the genus of the Epstein-Barr Virus?

A

Lymphocryptovirus

70
Q

Infectious mononucleosis (IM) is caused by this virus.

A

Epstein-Barr Virus

71
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of the Epstein-Barr Virus that resolve within a few weeks?

A 
Sore throat
Fever
Lymphadenopathy
Hepatomegaly
Splenomegaly
72
Q

This is a symptom of the EBV that lasts longer than the other symptoms (prolonged).

A

General malaise

73
Q

What are some complications of the Epstein-Barr Virus?

A 
Splenic hemorrhage and rupture
Hepatitis
Thrombocytopenia purpura with hemolytic anemia
Reye syndrome
Encephalitis
Other neurologic syndromes
74
Q

What is the MoT of the Epstein-Barr Virus?

A

Direct oral contact with saliva

75
Q

What is the incubation period of the Epstein-Barr Virus?

A

2 weeks - 2 months

76
Q

Enumerate some cancers that have been associated with Epstein-Barr Virus?

A

Burkitt lymphoma
Hodgkin disease
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC)

77
Q

This is a mallignant disease of the lymphoid tissue and is seen most commonly in African childen.

A

Burkitt lymphoma

78
Q

This is also called the “Non-hodgkins lymphoma,” and is characteristic as cuasing the tumor of jaw area of lymphoid tissue.

A

Burkitt lymphoma

79
Q

Fastest growing human tumor

A

Burkitt lymphoma

80
Q

This targets/destroys B-cells causing B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders

A

Epstein-Barr Virus

81
Q

Epstein-Barr Virus causes B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders such as:

A

Infectious mononucleosis (IM)
Burkitt’s lymphoma
Hodgkin’s disease
Naspoharyngeal carcinoma (NPC)

82
Q

A.k.a as Kissing disease or Glandular fever

A

Infectious mononucleosis (IM)

83
Q

What is the MoT of Infectious mononucleosis (IM)?

A

Close contact w/ infectious oral pharyngeal secretions
Blood transfusions
Transplacental route
Organ transplant

84
Q

A viral culture for EBV requires _____.

A

Human B lymphocyte

85
Q

EBV infects circulating B lymphocytes and stimulates them to produce multiple (Heterophile) antibodies, including antibodies to _____ and _____ blood cells and to _____.

A

Sheep and horse blood cells

Proteus OX19

86
Q

This is antibody test is excellent for screening antibodies to sheep and horse blood cells and to Proteus OX19

A

Paul-Bunnel heterophile antibody test

87
Q

The Paul-Bunnel heterophile antibody test is an excellent screen for antibodies to what type of cells/antigens?

A

Antibodies to:
Sheep and horse blood cells
Proteus OX19

88
Q

The EBV-specific serologic tests measure the presence or absence of the following:

A

Anti-VCA (antibodies against the Viral Capsid Antigen)
Anti-EA (IgG antibody to Early Antigen) IgG
Anti-EA/D (antibody to Early Antigen/Diffuse)
Anti-EA/R (antibody to Early Antigen/Restricted)
Anti-EBNA (antibody to the EBV Nuclear Antigen)

89
Q

What is the genome of the Cytomegalovirus (CMV)?

A

Cytomegalovirus

90
Q

It is the largest genome of the human herpes viruses

A

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

91
Q

(T/F) It replicates only in human cells and much faster than HSV or VZV.

A

F (Slower than HSV or VZV)

92
Q

This viruses produces the most common congenital infection in the US.

A

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

93
Q

What is the MoT of the Cytomegalovirus (CMV)?

A

Spread by close contact with an infected person
Contact with secretions (saliva) & excretions
Transmitted sexually via semen and cervical and vaginal secretions and through blood and blood products

94
Q

It is also known as the “Salivary gland virus”

A

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

95
Q

In blood & organ transplants, this viruses causes the “40-day fever”

A

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

96
Q

(T/F) The Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is also shed in saliva, tears, urine, stool, and breast milk.

A

T

97
Q

Occasionally, in immunocompetent patients this virus may manifest as a self-limiting, infectious mononucleosis-like illness with fever and hepatitis

A

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

98
Q

(T/F) The vast majority of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections are asymptomatic.

A

T

99
Q

Symptomatic congenital infections caused by this virus is characterized by petechiae, hepatosplenomegaly, microcephaly, and chorioretinitis (Can cause blindness).

A

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

100
Q

Aside from petechiae, hepatosplenomegaly, microcephaly, and chorioretinitis, what are the other manifestations of the Cytomegalovirus (CMV) on symptomatic congenital infections?

A 
Low birth weight
CNS involvement
Mental retardation
Deafness
Death
101
Q

This virus is one of the leading causes of mental retardation, deafness, and intellectual impairment.

A

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

102
Q

What are the groups at risk for Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections?

A

Neonates
Transplant patients
Immunocompromised hosts

103
Q

What are the lab diagnoses used for Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections?

A

Viral culture isolation (Best confirmatory)
Viral antigenemia test (Helpful in assessing the efficacy of antivaral therapy)
Molecular-based testing (PCR, branched DNA, hybridization assays - used for blood donor screening/diagnostic applications)

104
Q

What is the genus of the human herpes virus type 6 (HHV-6)?

A

Roseolovirus

105
Q

What are the two indistinguishable variants of the human herpes virus type 6 (HHV-6)?

A

A and B (Cause of disease)

106
Q

What is the most likely route of transmission of the human herpes virus type 6 (HHV-6)?

A

Saliva

107
Q

What is the MoT of the human herpes virus type 6 (HHV-6)?

A

Inhalation of respiratory droplets from infected individuals

Close contact with infected individuals

108
Q

This species of human herpes virus is associated with the childhood disease roseola

A

human herpes virus type 6 (HHV-6)

109
Q

Roseola is also called _____, _____, and _____.

A

Roseola infantum
Exanthem subitum
Sixth disease (role as sixth childhood rash)

110
Q

Children are protected by maternal antibodies until approximately what age?

A

6 months

111
Q

What are the lab diagnoses used for human herpes virus type 6 (HHV-6) infection?

A

Virus isolation

PCR

112
Q

This is the most sensitive lab diagnosis used for human herpes virus type 6 (HHV-6) infection and is uses lymphocyte cell culture

A

Virus isolation

113
Q

This offers a sensitive and specific means of diagnosing primary human herpes virus type 6 (HHV-6) infection.

A

PCR

114
Q

What is the genus of the human herpes virus type 7 (HHV-7)?

A

Roseolovirus

115
Q

This species of the human herpes virus was 1st isolated from peripheral blood monocytes of infected patients in 1989

A

human herpes virus type 7 (HHV-7)

116
Q

This species of the human herpes virus causes latent infections in T lymphocytes; also cause roseola

A

human herpes virus type 7 (HHV-7)

117
Q

Human herpes virus type 7 (HHV-7) can be isolated in culture in what types of lymphocytes?

A

Peripheral blood lymphocytes

Cord blood lymphocytes

118
Q

What lab diagnosis can be used for human herpes virus type 7 (HHV-7) infections?

A

PCR

119
Q

This is a.k.a “Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus”

A

human herpes virus type 8 (HHV-8)

120
Q

What is the genus of human herpes virus type 8 (HHV-8)?

A

Rhadinovirus

121
Q

Human herpes virus type 8 (HHV-8) can be detected in all forms of Kaposi sarcoma, including:

A

AIDS related
Mediterranean
HIV-1-negative endemic to Africa
Posttransplantation Kaposi sarcoma

122
Q

This species of the human herpes virus has also been shown to play a role in the development of:
Primary effusion lymphomas
Multicentric Castleman’s disease
It is also isolated from HIV patients

A

human herpes virus type 8 (HHV-8)

123
Q

What are the lab diagnosis used for human herpes virus type 8 (HHV-8) infections?

A

PCR

Serologi tests

Microbiology 2: Mycology and Virology (7 decks)

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