METEOROLOGY HUHU Flashcards
The innermost planets from the Sun (Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars) are part of ____ which has a small rocky worlds within its atmosphere
terrestrial planets
terrestrial planets characteristics are:
made of rocky material
surfaces are solid
don’t have rings
it has very few moons
they are relatively small
Giant or Jovian Planets
Jup, Sat, Ur, Nep
Planets that is mostly made up of hydrogen (H) and helium (He)
Gas Giants Planets (Jupiter and Saturn)
which has astronomical “ices” present in fluid rather than solid form
Ice Giant Planets (Neptune and Uranus)
The characteristics of Jovian Planets are
it has multiple moons
it has support ring system
no solid surface
immense in size
It supports all life on Earth through photosynthesis and is the ultimate source of all food and fossil fuel.
sun
Resembles Earth’s Moon, scarred by thousands of impact craters. There are areas of smooth terrain as well as cliffs, some soaring a mile high, formed by ancient impacts.
Mercury
Almost no atmosphere. The very little atmosphere that exists is composed chiefly of oxygen, sodium, and helium.
Mercury
It is covered by thick, rapidly spinning clouds. Due to its thick cloud layer reflecting sunlight, it is the brightest planet in the sky
Venus
Consists mainly of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and droplets of sulfuric acid; it contains almost no water vapor. This thick atmosphere traps immense amounts of heat in a large-scale greenhouse effect.
Venus
appears red due to the iron oxide in its soil. It has polar ice caps that grow and recede with the seasons, and it has dust storms, which cause giant dunes, wind streaks, and wind-carved features.
mars
It is sometimes called a “mini-solar system” because of its numerous moons and several rings. It appears striped because light and dark belts are created by strong eastwest winds.
Jupiter
it is the planet with the highest gravity in the
solar system.
Jupiter
moons in jupiter
79
has a large system of rings, and the yellow and gold bands in its atmosphere are caused by super-fast winds combined with heat rising from its interior
saturn
It is a Gas giant, meaning it is mostly made of the gases hydrogen and helium.
saturn
moons in saturn
62
It has a blue-green color from the methane gas above the deeper clouds. Methane absorbs red light and reflects blue light. It does have a small system of rings.
Uranus
It is a Gas giant, meaning it is mostly made of the gases hydrogen and helium, with a small amount of methane and traces of water and ammonia. It has no solid surface, but it does contain a liquid core made mostly of “icy” materials (water, methane, and ammonia)
uranus
has a blue color because of the methane in its atmosphere. The methane reflects blue light while it absorbs red light. It has a small system of rings and periodically Great Dark Spots (hurricane-like storms) appear.
Neptune
It is a Gas giant, meaning it is mostly made of the gases hydrogen, helium, and methane. It has no solid surface, but its liquid core is composed of water and other “melted ices.”
Neptune
moons in neptune
14
moons in uranus
27
We can study the past using ice cores, tree rings, and sedimentary rocks. The specific branch of science that deals with such study is called
Paleoclimatology
Due to the heavy bombardment
that the Early Earth experienced,
there is no possibility of life. no trace
of oxygen in the atmosphere.
Origin Era
During this time, the crust started to form along with the first volcanoes.
Chemical Era
prokaryotic threadlike organisms like ___ triggered the first photosynthesis by using H2O and (carbon DIoxide) CO2 and creating (oxygen) O2 as their by product
cyanobacteria
layers of atmosphere
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
temperature profile of troposphere
decreasing as the height increases - lapse rate
Most of the meteorological phenomena occurs on the layer with 99% mass od water vapor and aerosole
Troposphere
boundary between the layer and atmosphere
Troposphere
temp profile of stratosphere
increasing as the height increases - Temperature Inversion
O3 concentration on this layer gets disrupted if there are towering TC that brings water vapor on the layer
STratosphere
temp profile of mesosphere
decreasing as the height increases - lapse rate
coldest layer of the atmosphere
mesopause -143 degrees
temp profile of thermosphere
increasing as the height increases - Temperature Inversion
region where the aurorae are located
thermosphere (magnetosphere)
in here, molecules can move with distance of 10 km before they collide with other molecules, wherein fast-moving molecules traveling inn the right direction escape the earth’s gravitational pull
exosphere
The first three layers of the atmosphere are part of ___ where the composition of air remains fairly uniform due to turbulent mixing
homosphere
In the thermosphere where collisions between atoms and molecules are infrequent, and the air is unable to keep itself stirred. The region from the base of the thermosphere to the top of the atmosphere are part of _____
heterosphere
State of our atmosphere at a given location over a relatively short period of time of our lower atmosphere
Weather
The weather which is always changing comprise of the following elements:
air temperature
air pressure
humidity
clouds
precipitation
visibility
wind
- the degree of hotness or coldness of the air.
air temp
the force of the air above an area
air pressure
a measure of the amount of water vapor in the air.
humidity
- a visible mass of tiny water droplets and/or ice crystals that are above the earth’s surface.
clouds
- any form of water, either liquid or solid, that falls from clouds and reaches the ground
precipitation
If we measure and observe these weather elements over a specified interval of time, we would obtain the ____ or the climate of a particular region.
“average weather”
____ represents the accumulation of daily and seasonal weather events over a long period of time.
Climate
The term meteorology comes from the book ___ written by Aristotle during ___ The book represented the sum of knowledge on weather and climate at that time
Meteorologica - 340 B.C
Scientific study of our atmosphere of weather phenomenon and how the changes in this weather phenomena may be forecasted
Meteorology
The term meteorology comes from the Greek word meteoros, meaning
high in the air or anything up in the sky
what is the 2 theories that the meteorologica is based
- The universe is spherical in form
- 4 element theory of empedocles, aristotle pictures that celestial regions are only made up of 4 elements, earth, water, fire and air
the earliest record of thermometer was the ___ creating what was called “thermoscope”.
Philo of Byzantium
- in ____, Galileo Galilei improved the air thermoscope where it uses different approaches in measuring temperature.
1593
___ adapted the thermometer to measure body temperature in his medical practice
Santorio Santorio
___ was credited in inventing the first modern thermometer in 1641.
Ferdinand II de Medici
- a device in measuring air pressure and was invented in 1643.
Barometer
Hygrometer
an instrument use in measuring the humidity or amount of water vapor in the air.
it was invented in 1843 that it allows the transmission of routine weather observations.
Telegraph
it was developed to solve the mathematical equations that describes the behavior of the atmosphere.
computers
A key factor in the development of meteo, because it allows the rapid collection and analysis of weather data from one location to another
Telegraph
Precipitation measuring radars - measures hales or snow now called
doppler radars
- an instrument that has an ability to peer into a severe thunderstorm and unveil its winds and weather
In 1960, the first weather satellite was launched. The satellite provided weather forecasters their first ever view of cloud formations as they developed around the globe
TIROS I
the ability or capacity to do work on some form of matter. Where in work is done on matter when either it is pushed, pulled or lifted over some distance.
Energy
When you apply force in an object it is said that work is done on the object, if it is displaced, it moves to its original location
energy
Science relating heat and work transfers and the related changes in the properties of the working substance
Thermodynamics
Used to distinguish the processes happening in the air and happening in the environment
Air Parcel
The amount of heat applied to a mass of air or air parcel must equal to the total sum of the warming of the air plus the amount work is done
1st law of thermody
Transfer of energy is always from high to low never low to high energy
2nd law of thermody
How much energy is needed to raise the temp of an object of at least 1 degree celsius. When heat is transferred to a system, its internal energy changes and the amount of changes depends on the objects’ specific heat
Specific Heat
When air parcel temp is equal or less than the environment, condensation occur releasing latent heat, making the environment unstable resulting to rising motion of air parcel eventually resulting in towering clouds
Latent Heat
Used to describe the limitation in accurately predicting weather patterns due to complex atmospheric variables
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
the total amount of energy stored in any object that determines how much work that object is capable of doing.
Internal Energy
is energy that is stored or conserved in an
object or substance.
Potential Energy
the energy that is possesses by an object due to its motion.
kinetic energy
essential in the study of Meteorology since it deals with heat and energy transfers and the assumption of the impact of air parcels with respect to their environment.
thermodynamics
This is the law of conservation of energy for a thermodynamic system.
1st law of thermody
This law specifies the direction in which heat (molecular kinetic energy) may flow during a thermodynamic process
2nd law pf thermody
Is any collection of objects that is convenient to regard as a unit. It may have the potential to exchange energy with its surroundings.
Thermodynamic System
is defined as the energy associated with the random, disordered motion of molecules.
Internal Energy of the System
a bubble of air of no definite size that we generally assume it retains its shape and general characteristics as it rises or sinks in the atmosphere.
parcel
the rate of decrease/increase of temperature with altitude.
lapse rate
If a lifted parcel is hotter than the surrounding environment, its density will be less than the environment.
Unstable ATmosphere
When a lifted parcel has a cooler temperature than the surrounding environment, the parcel will be denser than the environment.
Stable Atmosphere
this cloud type has less than 3km cloud base.
It’s cumulous clouds - Low
this cloud type has cloud base is from 3 - 6km
strato clouds - Middle
this cloud type has greater than 6km cloud base.
It’s sirrus clouds.- High
