METEO MIDTERM Flashcards
Used to measure the wind,
temperature, moisture, and
pressure in vertical levels.
Skew-T Diagram
itis the processed output of
upper-air soundings.
Skew-T Diagram
A weather balloon costs around
18k - 20k per launch
The data processed by the skew-t
is from __________
the different upper air
stations of the Philippine
Atmospheric, Geophysical and
Astronomical Services
Administration (PAGASA).
PAGASA has seven upper-air
stations situated at ____
Laoag, Baguio,
Tanay, Legaspi, Cebu, Puerto
Princesa and Davao.
All stations are required to launch
a weather balloon ___ a day
during _____
2, (00Z and 12Z).
Weather balloons, which are made of _________, are filled with ___ instead of helium to reach greater heights. This is done using water electrolysis.
latex or synthetic rubber (neoprene),,,,,, hydrogen
The balloons, which start out
measuring about 6 ft. wide before
release, expand as they rise to about ___. in diameter.
20 ft
An instrument called ____ is attached to the balloon to measure pressure,temperature and relative humidity as it ascends up into the atmosphere.
radiosonde
Radiosondes and weather balloons are used to measure upper-air data. The ____ measures the weather parameters and transmits the data back to a server.
radiosonde
The energy supports the creation of convection thatis vital in creating a thunderstorm which means the higher the ___ ,the higher the possibility to have a thunderstorm.
Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE)
the energy that inhibits the
process of convection which means the higher the _____,the lower the possibility to have a thunderstorm.
Convective Inhibition (CIN)
its about the instability. The more negative the value of __, the higher the possibility to have a thunderstorm.
Lifted Index (LI)
the two levels are important as it determine the intensity of the storm or the thunderstorm that will be form.
Mid-level (850 to 500 hpa) moisture and wind-shear
it is the line of constant
pressure.
Isobars
they nearly horizontal lines that
spaced logarithmically from
about 1050 hPa at the bottom
to 100 hPa at the top. They are
plotted every 50 hPa.
Isobars
it is the line of constant
temperature.
Isotherms
On the skew-T diagram,
these are straight, solid
lines, sloping from the lower left
to upper right.
Isotherms
it is the line of constant
potential temperature.
Dry Adiabats
On the skew-T diagram, these are the slightly-curved, solid lines sloping from the lower
right to upper left.
Dry Adiabats
it indicate the rate of temperature change in a parcel of dry air rising or descending adiabatically, with no loss or gain of heat by the parcel
Dry Adiabats
also known as moist adiabats or saturation pseudo-adiabats, represent lines of constant equivalent potential temperature.
Saturation Adiabats
On the skew-T diagram, they are the slightly curved lines. It represent the rate of temperature change in a rising parcel of saturated air
Saturation Adiabats
also known as humidity mixing ratio lines
Saturation Mixing Ratio
On the skew-t diagram lines are the slightly-curved, dashed lines sloping from the lower left to upper right.
Saturation Mixing Ratio
They are labeled at the bottom of the diagram for a range of 0.1 to 40.0 grams per kilogram
Saturation Mixing Ratio
___ is the difference in wind speed and/or direction between two identified levels.
Wind Shear
____ wind shears will support convection.
Weak
Strong wind shears will ____ convection
inhibit, hinder
is the ratio of the mass of water vapor (Mv) to the mass of dry air (Md) in a parcel of air at saturation.
saturation mixing ratio (ws)
It is the maximum amount of water vapor that a parcel can hold without condensation.
SATURATION MIXING RATIO (Ws)
formula of SATURATION MIXING RATIO (Ws) and the mixing ratio (w)
ws or w = Mv / Md
is the ratio of the mass of water vapor (Mv) to the mass of dry air (Md)
the mixing ratio (w)
it measures the actual amount of water vapor present
the mixing ratio (w)
_____ is the ratio of the amount of water vapor in a given volume of air to the amount that volume would hold if the air were saturated.
Relative humidity (RH)
formula of RH
RH = 100* (W/Ws
Saturated conditions have a DD of ____
zero
_____ have a large DD.
dry condition
____ is the height at which a
parcel of air becomes saturated
when it is lifted dry adiabatically.
lifting condensation level
(LCL)
Height to which a parcel of air, if
heated sufficiently from below,
will rise adiabatically until it is
just saturated.
CONVECTIVE CONDENSATION LEVEL (CCL)
This is the cloud base.
CONVECTIVE CONDENSATION LEVEL (CCL)
Height at which a parcel of air,
when lifted, becomes warmer
than its surroundings.
LEVEL OF FREE CONVECTION (LFC)
The parcel is lifted dry
adiabatically until saturate and
then moist-adiabatically
thereafter
LEVEL OF FREE CONVECTION (LFC)
Height where the temperature of a buoyantly rising parcel again equals the temperature of the environment.
EQUILIBRIUM LEVEL (EL)
Can be identified either through the use of LCL or CCL.
EQUILIBRIUM LEVEL (EL)
This is referred as the cloud top.
EQUILIBRIUM LEVEL (EL)
Amount of buoyant energy available as the parcel is accelerated upward.
CONVECTIVE AVAILABLE POTENTIAL
ENERGY
CAPE value 0 means
Stable
what is the stability of CAPE value 0 - 1000
Marginally Unstable
what is the stability of CAPE value 1000 - 2500
Moderately Unstable
what is the stability of CAPE value 2500 0 3500
Very Unstable
what is the stability of CAPE value 3500 or greater
Extremely Unstable
Amount of energy required to
lift the parcel to the LFC
CONVECTIVE INHIBITION (CIN)
The larger the____ the higher the CIN value, and the lower the likelihood of convective storms
negative area,
difference between the
observed temperature at 500
hPa and the temperature of an
air parcel lifted to 500 hPa from
near the surface.
LIFTED INDEX (LI)
The lower the value of LI, the
_____
higher the possibility of
thunderstorms.
LI VALUE; -2, WHAT IS THE SEVERE WEATHER POTENTIAL
WEAK
LI VALUE; - 3 to -5, WHAT IS THE SEVERE WEATHER POTENTIAL
MODERATE
LI VALUE; -6 OR LESS, WHAT IS THE SEVERE WEATHER POTENTIAL
STRONG
Using a certain programming
language (Python), one can
automatically compute the
parameters to create an early
warning system (EWS) that can
provide automated risk analysis
at a specific area of interest.
FORECASTING
in launching weather ballon how many are launched for normal condition and extreme condition per day
normal condition: 2x a day
extreme condition: hourly
measures the amount of water vapor that would be present
at saturation.
saturation mixing ratio
