AIRW Flashcards
One of the largest airplane in the world
American Airforce Lockhead C-5A Galaxy
WHENN WAS THE
American Airforce Lockhead C-5A
CAUSED BY:
Cargo door break up
* Hydraulic leaking
* Latches do not lock properly
* Crash landing
April 1975
KLM Boeing 747 attempted take-off and collided with a taxiing
Pan Am 747 Flight 1736
Tenerife Disaster, March 27, 1977
CAUSED OF Tenerife Disaster
Pilot Error,
Air Traffic Control Error
communication problems
fog
airfield congestion due to a bombing and a second bomb
threat at another airport.
Air India Terrorist Bomb DATE
1986
WHAT AIRCRAFT CRASHED ON October 26, 1988
CAUSED BY
* Structure failure
* Terrorist Bomb
Pan Am 747 Lockerbie
- Charter Plane
- Caught in turbulence while flying nearby F-16
- Counterfeit or Bogus aircraft spare part, actuator, bolt
- Uncertified FAA
- Black Market
Partn Air Twinpop 340-80, September 8, 1989
349 passengers and crew died from both aircraft
* Flying in opposite direction at the same altitude.
1996 Charkhi Dardri mid-air collision involve Saudia Air Flight
763 and Air Kazakhstan Flight 1907
Ake-off only 120 second
* Incursion on runway
* Aircraft type break attach to wing create spark and explode
* 113 killed
Concorde Supersonic Aircraft, July 25, 2000
American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175
* Killed 2,752
World Trade Center, New York City on September 11, 2001
Mid-air collision
* Flying same altitude, different direction
* Bumpy ride cause by turbulence
* Pilot misheard ATC
* Pilot did not pay attention
* Poor communication
* Outdated technology
Kazakhstan and Saudi Arabia Head on Collision
- Shattered in mid-air
- Flight break up
- Nicotine from cigarette smoke cause corrosion on fuselage
- Shattered on pressurize air
- Structure failure
747-400 China Airlines Flight 611
A survey of 1,843 plane crashes between 1950 and 2006
determined the causes of the accidents to be as follows:
a. Pilot Error 53%
b. Mechanical Failure 21%
c. Weather 11%
d. Other Human Error (eg. Lack of communication, improper
maintenance ec) 8%
e. Sabotage and terrorism 6%
f. Other causes 1%
There are many reason or problem that can cause air crash such as:
➢ Nature
➢ Human Error
➢ Aircraft System Error
➢ Bird Strike
➢ Runway Incursion
➢ Counterfeit or Bogus parts been using for aircraft
The Investigation conducted in accordance with the
provisions of this Regulation (____) shall not apportion blame or
liability and it shall remain separate from any administrative or judicial
proceedings that may apportion blame or liability.
PCAR Part 13
the actual energy (movement or source) that caused
injury to a person. If this energy wasn’t present, the injury would not have
been occurred.
Direct Cause
any unsafe acts or conditions that contribute to the
injury occurring.
Indirect Causes
policies, procedures, environment or personal factors that contribute to the injury occurring.
Basic Causes
The operator of a civil, state or foreign aircraft shall file a report in the form and manner prescribed by the Authority—
(1)
Within 10 days after an accident or incident;
The operator of a civil, state or foreign aircraft shall file a report in the form and manner prescribed by the Authority—
(2)
(2) After 7 days if an overdue aircraft is still missing
is a systematic process whereby all of the possible causes of an adverse event are evaluated and
eliminated until the remaining causes are identified as applicable
to that investigation.
Accident investigation
Investigation of accidents consists of three phases (see Figure 2.1):
a) collection of data,
b) analysis of data, and
c) presentation of findings.
The initial phase of the investigation process should focus on defining and obtaining data relevant to the accident. In particular, highly perishable data should be given priority
COLLECTION OF DATA
Types of data to be collected
include:
a) accident particulars,
b) meteorological,
c) technical, and
d) human factors
Important reference data must be collected to facilitate
collection of meteorological, aircraft performance and air traffic control data. Primary sources of such data shall be obtained from
________
flight plans, Air Traffic Services (ATS) radar data, navigation and
topographical charts.
This data is provided from the investigation at the accident
or incident site along with maintenance and manufacturing
records, onboard data collection devices and laboratory analysis
of aircraft components. This information may also provide a
course for synthetic flight reconstruction and simulation.
COLLECTION OF TECHNICAL PARTICULARS
_____ is sometimes the most difficult in fatal accidents because there are few witnesses to interview to confirm what actions and conditions the flight crew were experiencing. Interviews with maintenance and co-workers can be very emotional and challenging
Human factors information
______ is conducted in parallel with data collection. Often the it initiates additional questions that require further data collection, simulation and consultation.
Data analysis
Accident reports should be provided in the format identified
in_____ for inclusion in the ____ database. Often the investigation and presentation of information from incidents can be more useful and provide greater safety benefits than accident investigations.
ICAO Annex 13,,,,ADREP
The recommended format presented below has been
extracted from Annex 13, Appendix to Chapter 6. Additional
guidance for completing each section of the Final Report can be
found in _______
ICAO Doc 6920 - Manual of Aircraft Accident Investigation.
FORMAT OF THE FINAL REPORT
Title
Synopsis
Body
Appendices
The Final Report begins with a title comprising:
name of the operator;
manufacturer,
model,
nationality and registration marks
of the aircraft;
place and date of the accident or incident.
describing briefly all relevant information regarding: notification of accident to national and foreign authorities; identification of the accident investigation authority and accredited representation; organization of the investigation; authority releasing the report and date of publication; and concluding with a brief résumé of the circumstances leading to the accident.
sypnosis
The body of the Final Report comprises the following main
headings:
- Factual information
- Analysis 3. Conclusions
- Safety recommendations each heading consisting of a number
of subheadings as outlined in the following
A brief narrative giving the following
information:
* Flight number, type of operation, last point of departure, time of
departure (local time or UTC), point of intended landing.
* Flight preparation, description of the flight and events leading to
the accident, including reconstruction of the significant portion of
the flight path, if appropriate.
* Location (latitude, longitude, elevation), time of the accident
(local time or UTC), whether day or night.
History of the flight.
Analyze, as appropriate, only the information documented in 1. — Factual
information and which is relevant to the determination of conclusions
and causes.
ANALYSIS
should contain an evaluation of the evidence
presented in the factual information part and should discuss the
circumstances and events that existed or may have existed. The
reasoning must be logical and may lead to the formulation of
hypotheses which are then discussed and tested against the evidence.
analysis
List the findings, causes and contributing factors established in
the investigation. The list of causes should include both the
immediate and the deeper systemic causes.
This part should list the findings and the causes established in the
investigation. The part are drawn from the analysis.
conclusion
The ____ should include, as appropriate, any pertinent
information considered necessary to understand the report, such
as a glossary, supporting technical reports, accident site
diagrams, photographs and flight recorder data. Graphics and
diagrams should have a professional appearance and should show
only the information required for understanding the report
appendices
an important element of the investigation process.
Clear, well composed photographs allow the investigator to
preserve perishable evidence, substantiate the information in the
report, and illustrate the investigator’s conclusions
photogrphy
The ___ should be durable and reliable. It must
have enough features to fulfill the photographer needs. The
controls should be conveniently located so that the operation is
easy, and the controls can be operated while wearing gloves.
camera
are made by nearly every major
manufacturer of photographic film in the world. They are simple to use. Many have built-in electronic flash.
Disposable cameras
There is no provision for
adjusting exposure to account for different lighting conditions,
other than activating the flash. The flash is powerful enough to be
effective for working distances of 2-3 meters. These cameras are
inexpensive, small and compact, very simple to use, and make
good photos. I
Disposable cameras
are more versatile than disposable
cameras. The ones currently on the market are usually fully
automatic and therefore the camera makes focus and exposure
adjustments itself.
Point and shoot cameras
Many have zoom lenses. Some have macro
capability. They use either film or digital medium. These cameras
are versatile, compact, light weight, easy to use and available for
harsh weather conditions. They are an excellent choice for an
investigator who is new to photography.
Point and shoot cameras
are so called, because a mirror
between the camera’s lens and the film or light sensor directs the
light coming through the lens to a focusing screen that is used by
the photographer to compose and focus the photograph
Single lens reflex cameras
They require the most knowledge of photography
and experience in their use on the part of the investigator in order
to be used effectively. These cameras are available
that use either conventional film or digital medium.
Single lens reflex cameras
s are extremely useful to investigators. Modern
ones are light and compact, and the ___ digital medium can be
edited on a computer using simple to use software.
Video camcorders
make the task of photographing wreckage easier
and help the photographer improve the quality of the
photographs.
Accessories
list of accessories that are useful to accident investigators.
Lenses
Flash
Filters
Camera supports
Cable/remote release
useful for filling shadows in bright sunlight. Most point and shoot and many single lens reflex cameras has built this into the camera. These provide supplementary illumination for use in marginal lighting conditions, but usually are not powerful enough to fill shadows when photographing in bright sun.
flash
These attachments mount on the front of the camera’s
lens and ___ the light that reaches the film or sensor. The ones most useful to investigators are the UVa, UVb, skylight, and
polarizer.
filter
Many photographers install a ___ over the lens to protect it from dust, moisture, salt spray, or other
hazards.
UV or skylight filter
The most commonly used camera support is the _____.
tripod
This attachment enables the
photographer to take the picture without inducing movement in
the camera that can cause a blurred image.
Cable/remote release.
With ___, the investigator has the photograph
immediately available, there is no delay for processing and
printing of the film
digital media
With _____ the investigator has
physical control over the images from the start, eliminating the
chance of loss or damage to film or compromise of proprietary
information.
digital photography,
Take as many
pictures as needed. Take one photo at the normal exposure,
then take the same subject at half then double the cameras
indicated exposure. Photographers call this technique
“_____.” It ensures at least one photograph will be
properly exposed.
bracketing
To make a good photograph, a photographer must consider five
variables:
composition, subject lighting, lens focus, lens opening,
and shutter speed.
he lens opening controls the intensity of the light on the film
or sensor. The lens opening marked on the adjustment ring is simply the focal length of the lens divided by the diameter of the lens opening. The lens opening numbers are called
F-stops
Depth of field is the distance from the nearest point to
the most distant point in the image that is in acceptable focus. Conversely, closing the lens to a narrow opening (called “____”) increases depth of field.
stopping down
It controls the amount of time the light falls on the film or sensor. these are usually expressed in fractions of a second, and, on most cameras, the speeds on the selector control are marked in increments where each successive marked speed is half the duration
of the previous one
Shutter speed
