AIRW Flashcards by Mary Stiffany Jade Arnisto

One of the largest airplane in the world

American Airforce Lockhead C-5A Galaxy

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WHENN WAS THE
American Airforce Lockhead C-5A
CAUSED BY:
Cargo door break up
* Hydraulic leaking
* Latches do not lock properly
* Crash landing

April 1975

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KLM Boeing 747 attempted take-off and collided with a taxiing
Pan Am 747 Flight 1736

Tenerife Disaster, March 27, 1977

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CAUSED OF Tenerife Disaster

Pilot Error,
Air Traffic Control Error
communication problems
fog
airfield congestion due to a bombing and a second bomb
threat at another airport.

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Air India Terrorist Bomb DATE

1986

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WHAT AIRCRAFT CRASHED ON October 26, 1988
CAUSED BY
* Structure failure
* Terrorist Bomb

Pan Am 747 Lockerbie

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Charter Plane
Caught in turbulence while flying nearby F-16
Counterfeit or Bogus aircraft spare part, actuator, bolt
Uncertified FAA
Black Market

Partn Air Twinpop 340-80, September 8, 1989

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349 passengers and crew died from both aircraft
* Flying in opposite direction at the same altitude.

1996 Charkhi Dardri mid-air collision involve Saudia Air Flight
763 and Air Kazakhstan Flight 1907

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Ake-off only 120 second
* Incursion on runway
* Aircraft type break attach to wing create spark and explode
* 113 killed

Concorde Supersonic Aircraft, July 25, 2000

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American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175
* Killed 2,752

World Trade Center, New York City on September 11, 2001

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Mid-air collision
* Flying same altitude, different direction
* Bumpy ride cause by turbulence
* Pilot misheard ATC
* Pilot did not pay attention
* Poor communication
* Outdated technology

Kazakhstan and Saudi Arabia Head on Collision

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Shattered in mid-air
Flight break up
Nicotine from cigarette smoke cause corrosion on fuselage
Shattered on pressurize air
Structure failure

747-400 China Airlines Flight 611

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A survey of 1,843 plane crashes between 1950 and 2006
determined the causes of the accidents to be as follows:

a. Pilot Error 53%
b. Mechanical Failure 21%
c. Weather 11%
d. Other Human Error (eg. Lack of communication, improper
maintenance ec) 8%
e. Sabotage and terrorism 6%
f. Other causes 1%

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There are many reason or problem that can cause air crash such as:

➢ Nature
➢ Human Error
➢ Aircraft System Error
➢ Bird Strike
➢ Runway Incursion
➢ Counterfeit or Bogus parts been using for aircraft

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The Investigation conducted in accordance with the
provisions of this Regulation (____) shall not apportion blame or
liability and it shall remain separate from any administrative or judicial
proceedings that may apportion blame or liability.

PCAR Part 13

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the actual energy (movement or source) that caused
injury to a person. If this energy wasn’t present, the injury would not have
been occurred.

Direct Cause

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any unsafe acts or conditions that contribute to the
injury occurring.

Indirect Causes

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policies, procedures, environment or personal factors that contribute to the injury occurring.

Basic Causes

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The operator of a civil, state or foreign aircraft shall file a report in the form and manner prescribed by the Authority—
(1)

Within 10 days after an accident or incident;

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The operator of a civil, state or foreign aircraft shall file a report in the form and manner prescribed by the Authority—
(2)

(2) After 7 days if an overdue aircraft is still missing

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is a systematic process whereby all of the possible causes of an adverse event are evaluated and
eliminated until the remaining causes are identified as applicable
to that investigation.

Accident investigation

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Investigation of accidents consists of three phases (see Figure 2.1):

a) collection of data,
b) analysis of data, and
c) presentation of findings.

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The initial phase of the investigation process should focus on defining and obtaining data relevant to the accident. In particular, highly perishable data should be given priority

COLLECTION OF DATA

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Types of data to be collected
include:

a) accident particulars,
b) meteorological,
c) technical, and
d) human factors

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Important reference data must be collected to facilitate collection of meteorological, aircraft performance and air traffic control data. Primary sources of such data shall be obtained from ________

flight plans, Air Traffic Services (ATS) radar data, navigation and topographical charts.

This data is provided from the investigation at the accident or incident site along with maintenance and manufacturing records, onboard data collection devices and laboratory analysis of aircraft components. This information may also provide a course for synthetic flight reconstruction and simulation.

COLLECTION OF TECHNICAL PARTICULARS

_____ is sometimes the most difficult in fatal accidents because there are few witnesses to interview to confirm what actions and conditions the flight crew were experiencing. Interviews with maintenance and co-workers can be very emotional and challenging

Human factors information

______ is conducted in parallel with data collection. Often the it initiates additional questions that require further data collection, simulation and consultation.

Data analysis

Accident reports should be provided in the format identified in_____ for inclusion in the ____ database. Often the investigation and presentation of information from incidents can be more useful and provide greater safety benefits than accident investigations.

ICAO Annex 13,,,,ADREP

The recommended format presented below has been extracted from Annex 13, Appendix to Chapter 6. Additional guidance for completing each section of the Final Report can be found in _______

ICAO Doc 6920 - Manual of Aircraft Accident Investigation.

FORMAT OF THE FINAL REPORT

Title Synopsis Body Appendices

The Final Report begins with a title comprising:

name of the operator; manufacturer, model, nationality and registration marks of the aircraft; place and date of the accident or incident.

describing briefly all relevant information regarding: notification of accident to national and foreign authorities; identification of the accident investigation authority and accredited representation; organization of the investigation; authority releasing the report and date of publication; and concluding with a brief résumé of the circumstances leading to the accident.

sypnosis

The body of the Final Report comprises the following main headings:

1. Factual information 2. Analysis 3. Conclusions 4. Safety recommendations each heading consisting of a number of subheadings as outlined in the following

A brief narrative giving the following information: * Flight number, type of operation, last point of departure, time of departure (local time or UTC), point of intended landing. * Flight preparation, description of the flight and events leading to the accident, including reconstruction of the significant portion of the flight path, if appropriate. * Location (latitude, longitude, elevation), time of the accident (local time or UTC), whether day or night.

History of the flight.

Analyze, as appropriate, only the information documented in 1. — Factual information and which is relevant to the determination of conclusions and causes.

ANALYSIS

should contain an evaluation of the evidence presented in the factual information part and should discuss the circumstances and events that existed or may have existed. The reasoning must be logical and may lead to the formulation of hypotheses which are then discussed and tested against the evidence.

analysis

List the findings, causes and contributing factors established in the investigation. The list of causes should include both the immediate and the deeper systemic causes. This part should list the findings and the causes established in the investigation. The part are drawn from the analysis.

conclusion

The ____ should include, as appropriate, any pertinent information considered necessary to understand the report, such as a glossary, supporting technical reports, accident site diagrams, photographs and flight recorder data. Graphics and diagrams should have a professional appearance and should show only the information required for understanding the report

appendices

an important element of the investigation process. Clear, well composed photographs allow the investigator to preserve perishable evidence, substantiate the information in the report, and illustrate the investigator’s conclusions

photogrphy

The ___ should be durable and reliable. It must have enough features to fulfill the photographer needs. The controls should be conveniently located so that the operation is easy, and the controls can be operated while wearing gloves.

camera

are made by nearly every major manufacturer of photographic film in the world. They are simple to use. Many have built-in electronic flash.

Disposable cameras

There is no provision for adjusting exposure to account for different lighting conditions, other than activating the flash. The flash is powerful enough to be effective for working distances of 2-3 meters. These cameras are inexpensive, small and compact, very simple to use, and make good photos. I

Disposable cameras

are more versatile than disposable cameras. The ones currently on the market are usually fully automatic and therefore the camera makes focus and exposure adjustments itself.

Point and shoot cameras

Many have zoom lenses. Some have macro capability. They use either film or digital medium. These cameras are versatile, compact, light weight, easy to use and available for harsh weather conditions. They are an excellent choice for an investigator who is new to photography.

Point and shoot cameras

are so called, because a mirror between the camera’s lens and the film or light sensor directs the light coming through the lens to a focusing screen that is used by the photographer to compose and focus the photograph

Single lens reflex cameras

They require the most knowledge of photography and experience in their use on the part of the investigator in order to be used effectively. These cameras are available that use either **conventional film or digital medium.**

Single lens reflex cameras

s are extremely useful to investigators. Modern ones are light and compact, and the ___ digital medium can be edited on a computer using simple to use software.

Video camcorders

make the task of photographing wreckage easier and help the photographer improve the quality of the photographs.

Accessories

list of accessories that are useful to accident investigators.

Lenses Flash Filters Camera supports Cable/remote release

useful for filling shadows in bright sunlight. Most point and shoot and many single lens reflex cameras has built this into the camera. These provide supplementary illumination for use in marginal lighting conditions, but usually are not powerful enough to fill shadows when photographing in bright sun.

flash

These attachments mount on the front of the camera’s lens and ___ the light that reaches the film or sensor. The ones most useful to investigators are the UVa, UVb, skylight, and polarizer.

filter

Many photographers install a ___ over the lens to protect it from dust, moisture, salt spray, or other hazards.

UV or skylight filter

The most commonly used camera support is the _____.

tripod

This attachment enables the photographer to take the picture without inducing movement in the camera that can cause a blurred image.

Cable/remote release.

With ___, the investigator has the photograph immediately available, there is no delay for processing and printing of the film

digital media

With _____ the investigator has physical control over the images from the start, eliminating the chance of loss or damage to film or compromise of proprietary information.

digital photography,

Take as many pictures as needed. Take one photo at the normal exposure, then take the same subject at half then double the cameras indicated exposure. Photographers call this technique “_____.” It ensures at least one photograph will be properly exposed.

bracketing

To make a good photograph, a photographer must consider five variables:

composition, subject lighting, lens focus, lens opening, and shutter speed.

he lens opening controls the intensity of the light on the film or sensor. The lens opening marked on the adjustment ring is simply the focal length of the lens divided by the diameter of the lens opening. The lens opening numbers are called

F-stops

Depth of field is the distance from the nearest point to the most distant point in the image that is in acceptable focus. Conversely, closing the lens to a narrow opening (called “____”) increases depth of field.

stopping down

It controls the amount of time the light falls on the film or sensor. these are usually expressed in fractions of a second, and, on most cameras, the speeds on the selector control are marked in increments where each successive marked speed is half the duration of the previous one

Shutter speed