ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION REPORT WRITING Flashcards
includes the cabin and/or cockpit, which contains seats for the occupants and the controls for the airplane.
FUSELAGE
may also provide room for cargo and attachment points for the other major airplane components.
FUSELAGE
Two General Types of Fuselage Construction
Welded Steel Truss
Monocoque designs
was used in smaller Navy aircraft, and it is still being used in some helicopters.
Welded Steel Truss
relies largely on the strength of the skin, or covering, to carry various loads. This structure can be very strong but cannot tolerate dents or deformation of the surface.
Monocoque designs
Three classes:
True monocoque
Semi monocoque
Reinforced shell
has the skin reinforced by a complete framework of structural members.
Reinforced shell
Semi monocoque
overcomes the strength-to-weight problem of monocoque construction.
construction uses formers, frame assemblies, and bulkheads to give shape to the fuselage.
True monocoque
are airfoils attached to each side of the fuselage and are the main lifting surfaces that support the airplane in flight.
Wings
Wing structures carry some of the heavier loads found in the aircraft structure. The particular design of a wing depends on many factors, such as
the size, weight, speed, rate of climb, and use of the aircraft.
includes the entire tail group, consisting of fixed surfaces such as the vertical stabilizer and the horizontal stabilizer.
Empennage
maintains the stability of the aircraft about its vertical axis which is known as directional stability
Vertical Stabilizer
provides stability of the aircraft about its lateral axis which is known as longitudinal stability
Horizontal Stabilizer
is a primary flight control surface that controls movement about the lateral axis of an aircraft. This movement is referred to as “pitch”.
Elevator
is a primary flight control surface which controls rotation about the vertical axis of an aircraft. This movement is referred to as “yaw”.
Rudder
is specially designed to support the load of an aircraft during surface operation and when landing. It is the principal support of the airplane when parked, taxiing, taking off, or when landing.
Landing gear
Types of Landing Gear
Conventional Landing Gear
Tandem Landing Gear
Tricycle-Type Landing Gear
This type of landing gear utilizes two main wheels located ahead of the center of gravity to support the majority of the weight of the aircraft.
Conventional Landing Gear
It features the main gear and tail gear aligned on the airplane’s longitudinal axis. This allows for the use of flexible wings on both sailplanes and select military aircraft.
Tandem Landing Gear
The most common type of landing gear, These includes the main gear and the nose gear. It’s typically used on both large and light aircraft
Tricycle-Type Landing Gear
usually includes both the engine and the propeller. The primary function of the engine is to provide the power to turn the propeller.
powerplant
Trend of Modern Aviation Theory
Reactive, Proactive and predictive
ACCIDENT CAUSATION MODELS CATEGORIES
Simple Linear
Complex Linear
Complex Non-Linear
the accidents are a conclusion of a series of events or circumstances. There is a sequential interaction of events where the one leads to the next one.
Simple Linear
it assumes that the accidents are the result of a combination of latent hazards and unsafe acts which continue to happen in a sequential way.
Complex Linear
accidents are the results of a combination of mutually interacting variables occurring in real world environments. Understanding of these interactions through careful analysis is the only way to understand and prevent accidents.
Complex Non-linear
SWISS CHEESE MODEL
Organizational Influences
Unsafe Supervision
Precondition for Unsafe Acts
Unsafe Acts
Interrelationship between human factors and the aviation environment
Shell model
the Shell Model: 4Ps
Physical Factor
Physiological Factor
Psychological Factor
Psycho-social Factor
The relationship between the human
and supporting systems found in the workplace.
Liveware to Software
The relationship between man and
machine
Liveware to Hardware
This is the relationship between the
human and other people in the workplace.
Liveware to Liveware
The relationship between the
human and the internal and external environments.
Liveware to Environment
The 5-M Model
Man
Medium
Machine
Mission
Management
This is the most important and determined thing to collect information and evidences that become the cause of the accident. The evidences will be an accurate data and information then it will be used for prevent the same way accident
AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
WHY DO WE INVESTIGATE? (1)
Identify Hazards (accident causal factors) and provide
recommendations that will prevent occurrence or recurrence.
WHY DO WE INVESTIGATE? (2)
Identify other hazards that increased the level of injury/damage, but
were not accident cause factors
The Investigation conducted in accordance with the provisions of this Regulation (PCAR Part 13) shall _______
not apportion blame or liability and it shall remain separate from any administrative or judicial proceedings that may apportion blame or liability.
The accident investigation authority shall have ______ of the investigation and have _______ consistent with the provisions of this Part.
independence in the conduct,, unrestricted authority over its conduct,
PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION 1 and 2
- the gathering, recording and analysis of all relevant information on the accident or incident;
- the protection of certain accident and incident investigation records in accordance with Part 13.220;
PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION3 and 4
- if possible, the determination of the causes and/or contributing factors; and
- the completion of the Final Report.
INVESTIGATION REQUIREMENTS
Accident/Incident Plan
Investigator in charge
Investigation Kit
Team? Individuals? Internal/External Org? Safety, Maintenance, or others?
whan was the AMERICAN AIRFORCE LOCKHEED
C-5A GALAXY accident happened?
April 4, 1975
Known as “Operation Babylift“, One of the largest airplane in the world and The third deadliest accident involving a U.S Military aircaft
AMERICAN AIRFORCE LOCKHEED
C-5A GALAXY,
Cause of AMERICAN AIRFORCE LOCKHEED C-5A GALAXY accident
- Cargo door malfunction causing it to blew up taking a chunk
of the tail. - Hydraulic leaking
- Latches do not lock properly
total people killed and died during AMERICAN AIRFORCE LOCKHEED
C-5A GALAXY
314 Passengers
● 138 killed (most from the lower deck)
● 176 survived (Most from the upper deck)
when was the TENERIFE DISASTER happened?
MARCH 27, 1977
what are the 2 Two Boeing 747s collide on a fog-shrouded runway at Tenerife in the Canary Islands.
Pan Am flight 1736 from Los Angeles
KLM Royal Dutch Airlines flight 4805, a charter from Amsterdam
crashed into each other on Los Rodeos Airport’s single runway.
TENERIFE DISASTER cause
- Pilot Error
- Air Traffic Control Error
- communication problems
- fog,
- airfield congestion due to a bombing and a second bomb threat at another airport.
total people killed and died during TENERIFE DISASTER
583 killed
61 survived
when was the AIR INDIA FLIGHT 182
JUNE 23, 1985
cause of AIR INDIA FLIGHT 182
- Terrorist Bomb
- A bomb exploded on Air India Flight 182 en route from Toronto to London, England-
total people killed and died during Air India 182
329 killed
A survey of 1,843 plane crashes between 1950 and 2006 determined the causes of the accidents to be as follows:
a. Pilot Error 53%
b. Mechanical Failure 21%
c. Weather 11%
d. Other Human Error (eg. Lack of communication, improper
maintenance etc) 8%
e. Sabotage and terrorism 6%
f. Other causes 1%
WHAT PROBLEM CAUSES AIR CRASH?
a. Nature
b. Human error
c. Aircraft system error
d. Bird strike
e. Runway incursion
f. Counterfeit or Bogus parts been using for aircraft
TYPES OF CAUSES
● Direct Cause
● Indirect Causes
● Basic Causes
the actual energy (movement or source) that caused injury to a person.
Direct Cause
any unsafe acts or conditions that contribute to the injury occurring.
Indirect Causes
policies, procedures, environment or personal factors that contribute to the injury occurring.
Basic Causes
LOCAL AND INTERNATIONAL REGULATORY BODIES
- Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA
- European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
- National Transportation Safety Bureau (NTSB)
- Aircraft Accident Investigation and Inquiry Board (AAIIB) -
its primary function is to conduct the safety regulation of civil air operations in Australia and the operation of Australian aircraft overseas.
Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA)
states that their mission is to promote the highest common standards of safety and environmental protection in civil aviation.
European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
an independent US government agency that investigates different aviation incidents, accidents and disasters.
National Transportation Safety Bureau (NTSB)
is directly under the Office of the Director General of the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines. The Head of the this org is responsible to The Director General for the management of all aircraft accident/incident investigations conducted by the AAIIB.
Aircraft Accident Investigation and Inquiry Board (AAIIB) -
