Metaparadigms (Sir Quinn & Ma'am Tina)

Question 1

Martha Rogers - Person

Answer 1

Rogers defines a person as an open system in continuous process with the open system that is the environment (integrality)

Question 2

Martha Rogers - Environment

Answer 2

Environment is “an irreducible pan dimensional energy field identified by pattern and manifesting characteristics different from those of the parts, each environmental field is specific to its given human field. Both change continuously, and creatively.

Question 3

Martha Rogers - Health

Answer 3

Passive Health symbolizes wellness and the absences of diseases and major illness.
Wellness is a much better term

Question 4

Martha Rogers - Nursing

Answer 4

Nursing is a learned profession and is both a science and an art. Nursing exists for the care of people and the life process of humans

Question 5

Dorothea Orem - Person

Answer 5

An individual with physical and
e m o t i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r
development of self and maintenance of
their well-being

Question 6

Dorothea Orem - Health

Answer 6

Structural and functional
soundness and wholeness of the
individual.

Question 7

Dorothea Orem - Environment

Answer 7

Client’s surrounding may affect their ability to perform their self care activities

Question 8

Dorothea Orem - Nursing

Answer 8

The actions of specially trained and able individual to help a person or multiple people deal with their actual or potential self-care deficit

Question 9

Imogene King - Person

Answer 9

Individuals are spiritual beings.
* Individuals have the ability through their language and other symbols to record their
history and pre- serve their culture.
* Individuals are unique and holistic, of intrinsic worth, and capable of rational thinking
and decision making in most situations.
* Individuals differ in their needs, wants, and goals

Question 10

Imogene King - Environment

Answer 10

King believed that “an understanding of the ways that human beings interact with their
environment to maintain health was essential for nurses”.
* Open systems imply that interactions occur constantly between the system and the
system’s environment.
* Furthermore, “adjustments to life and health are influenced by an individual’s interaction
with environment.
* Each human being perceives the world as a total person in making transactions with
individuals and things in the environment.

Question 11

Imogene King - Health

Answer 11

“Health is defined as dynamic life experiences of a human being, which implies continuous
adjustment to stressors in the internal and external environment throughoptimum use of
one’s resources to achieve maximum potential for daily living” .
* Health is a dynamic state in the life cycle, while ill- ness interferes with that process. Health
“implies continuous adjustment to stress in the internal and external environment through
the optimum use of one’s resources to achieve the maximum potential for daily living”

Question 12

Imogene King - Nursing

Answer 12

“Nursing is defined as a process of action, reaction, and interaction whereby nurse and
client share information about their perceptions in the nursing situation”.
* “Nursing is an observable behavior found in the health care systems in society”.
* The goal of nursing “is to help individuals maintain their health so they can function in
their roles”.

Question 13

Betty Neuman - Person

Answer 13

*Person is an open client system in reciprocal interaction with theenvironment.
*The client may be an individual, family, group, community, or social issue.
*The client system is a dynamic composite of interrelationships among
physiological, psychological, sociocultural, develop- mental, and spiritual
factors.

Question 14

Betty Neuman - Environment

Answer 14

Neuman defines environment as all the internal and external factors that surround and influence the
client system.
* Stressors (intrapersonal, interpersonal, and extrapersonal) are significant to the concept of
environment and are described as environmental forces that interact with and potentially alter
system stability

Question 15

Betty Neuman - Health

Answer 15

Health is a continuum of wellness to illness that is dynamic in nature. Optimal wellness
exists when the total system needs are being completely met.
* “Optimal wellness or stability indicates that total system needs are being met.
✤ Wellness exists when all system subparts interact in harmony with the whole system and
all system needs are being met. A reduced state of wellness is the result of unmet systemic
needs”.
✤ Illness exists at the opposite end of the continuum from wellness and represents a state of
instability and energy depletion.

Question 16

Betty Neuman - Nursing

Answer 16

Neuman believes that nursing is concerned with the whole person.
* She views nursing as a “unique profession in that it is concerned with all of
the variables affecting an individual’s response to stress

Question 17

Callista Roy - Person

Answer 17

humans are holistic, adaptive systems.
“As an adaptive system, the human system is
described as a whole with parts that function as
unity for some purpose. Human systems include
people as individuals or in groups, including
families, organizations, communities, and
society as a whole”.

Question 18

Callista Roy - Health

Answer 18

“Health is a state and a process ofbeing
and becoming integrated and a whole person. It is
a reflection of adaptation, that is, theinteraction of
the person and the environment”

Question 19

Callista Roy - Environment

Answer 19

environment is “all the
conditions, circumstances, and influences
surrounding and affect- ing the development and
behavior of persons or groups, with particular
consideration of the mutuality of person and earth
resources that includes focal, contextual, and
residual stimuli”

Question 20

Callista Roy - Nursing

Answer 20

“health care profession that focuses
on human life processes and patterns and
emphasizes promotion of health for individuals,
families, groups, and society as a whole”.

Question 21

Dorothy Johnson - Person

Answer 21

a behavioral system with patterned,
repetitive, and purposeful ways of behaving that
link the person with the environment.

Question 22

Dorothy Johnson - Health

Answer 22

Dynamic state influenced by biological psychological and social factors, Health is reflected by the organization, interaction interdependence and integration of the sub-systems of the behavioral system

Question 23

Dorothy Johnson- Environment

Answer 23

the environment consists of all the
factors that are not part of the individual’s
behavioral system, but that influence the system

Question 24

Dorothy Johnson - Nursing

Answer 24

Nursing’s goal is to maintain and restore the person’s behavioral system balance and stability or to help the person achieve a more optimum level of balance and functioning

Question 25

Hildegard Peplau - Person

Answer 25

A developing organism that tries to reduce
anxiety caused by needs.

Question 26

Hildegard Peplau -Environment

Answer 26

Existing force outside the organism
in the context of culture.

Question 27

Hildegard Peplau - Health

Answer 27

A word symbol that that implies forward
movement of personality and other ongoing human
processes in the direction of creative, constructive,
productive, personal, and community living.

Question 28

Hildegard Peplau - Nursing

Answer 28

The human relationship between an
individual who is sick, or in need of health services, and
a nurse especially educated to recognize and respond
to the need for help.

Question 29

Ida Jean Orlando - Person

Answer 29

Orlando uses the concept of human as she
emphasizes individuality and the dynamic nature of the
nurse-patient relationship. For her, humans in need are
the focus of nursing practice.

Question 30

Ida Jean Orlando - Environment

Answer 30

Orlando completely disregarded the environment in
her theory, only focusing on the patient’s immediate
need, chiefly the relationship and actions between the
nurse and the patient (only an individual in her theory;
no families or groups were mentioned). The effect that
the environment could have on the patient was never
mentioned in Orlando’s theory

Question 31

Ida Jean Orlando - Health

Answer 31

In Orlando’s theory, health is replaced by a sense
of helplessness as the initiator of a necessity for
nursing. She stated that nursing deals with individuals
who require help