Metacommunities Flashcards

1
Q

Lotka-Volterra equations

A

Equations that describe the relationships between prey and predators

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2
Q

Issues with conventional stud of communities

A

Conventional views assume that communities are closed and isolated, however additonal ecological processes occur at larger scales.

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3
Q

Metacommunity

A

Set of local communities linked by dispersal

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4
Q

Metacommunity theory

A

Describes processes that occur at the metacomunity scale

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5
Q

The importance of dispersal in coexistence

A

Strongly competing species can coexist regionally through constant interpatch dispersal, and a tradeoff between competitiveness and dispersal capabilities

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6
Q

Mass effects

A

The occurrence of a species in local communities depend on an influx at a larger, regional scale

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7
Q

Population

A

Individuals of a single spcies in a habitat patch

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8
Q

Metapopulation

A

Set of local populations of a species linked by dispersal

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9
Q

Community

A

Individuals of different species that interact in a defined spatial unit

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10
Q

Metacommunity

A

A set of of communities in a region, which are linked by dispersal

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11
Q

Microsite

A

A site capable of holding a single individual

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12
Q

Locality

A

A spatial unit holding a community

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13
Q

Types of patches (aka localities) and examples

A

1) Permanent patches (e.g., islands)
2) Temporary patches (e.g., fruiting bodies)
3) Permanent patches with indistinct boundaries and corridors (e.g., ocean currents)

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14
Q

Region

A

A large spatial unit encompassing multiple localities

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15
Q

Mass effect

A

A metapopulation dynamic involving a flow of individuals, which is affected by difference in population densities among patches

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16
Q

Rescue effect

A

Constant recolonization reduces the chance of local extinctions

17
Q

Source-sink effects

A

Metacommunity dynamic in which immigration enhances populations size emigration decreases population size

18
Q

Colonization

A

Dynaiumc in which species become established in areas in which they were absent

19
Q

Dispersal

A

Movement of individuals: Immigration vs emigration

20
Q

Stochastic extinctions

A

Extinction events caused by disturbances beyond interacitons with other species

21
Q

Deterministic extincions

A

Mechanism in which populations become extinct due to biotic or abiotic interactions

22
Q

Metacommunity dynamics

A

Involve interaction of spatial and community mechanics

23
Q

Classic metapopulation (Levin)

A

Identical local populations with equal chance of colonization and extincion

24
Q

Mainland-island system

A

A system composed of extinction-resistant mainland populations and extinction-prone island populations

25
Q

Open community

A

A community that is open to immigration and emigration

26
Q

Closed comunity

A

An isolated community in which there is no immigration or emigration

27
Q

Patch occupancy model

A

Community model in which local populations are not modeled

28
Q

Spatially explicit model

A

Metacommunity model in which movement is influenced by arrangement and distance between patches

29
Q

Spatially implicit model

A

Metacommunity model in which arrangement and distance between patches do not influence movement

30
Q

The four paradigmal approaches to study metacommunities

A

1) Patch dynamic paradigm
2) Species sorting paradigm
3) Mass effect paradigm
4) Neutral paradigm

31
Q

Patch dynamic perspective to metacommunity dynamics

A

Metacommunity paradigm assuming all patches are identical and local species are modeled only by a tradeoff between dispersal and competitiveness

Empirically supported by butterfly metapopulations

32
Q

Species sorting perspective

A

Paradigm that explaines metacommunity patterns through environmental gradients, dispersal, and specialization to different patch types instead of dispersal/competitiveness

In this perspective, environmental gradients dictate the local demographies;

Empirically supported by plankton communties

33
Q

Mass effect perspective

A

A metacommunity paradigm that proposes species are rescued by immigrations, and that immigration enhance population sizes, while emigrations reduce population sizes.

Empirically supported by bacteria and protist communities, where they added corridors

34
Q

Neutral perspective

A

A metacommunity paradigm that assumes all species have equal competitive ability and attributes species patterns to random movement between communities; regarded as a null hypothesis against other community paradigms

35
Q

Problem with defining communities

A

Often don’t have discrete boundaries

36
Q

Problems with describing community processes with paradigms

A

1) Real ecological communties subject to both habitat ariability and stochastic dynamics
2) metacommunity behaviour depends on how species evolved

37
Q

Community-wide character displacement

A

States that locally existing species should be less similar to each other;

Tis view is controversial because communities with species that are more similar are less prone to invasions.

In nature, there’s evidence for both cases.