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Candidacy > Agriculture > Flashcards

Agriculture Flashcards

1
Q

Economic injury level

A

The smallest number of insects (amount of injury) that will cause yield losses equal to the insect management costs (i.e., if you didn’t spray because you wanted to save $50, you’re going to end up losing $50, if not more, due to damage).

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2
Q

Economic threshold aka action threshold

A

Pest population size at which management will provide an economic return

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3
Q

Economic damage

A

the amount of injury which will justify the cost of artificial control measures

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4
Q

Damage boundary aka damage threshold

A

lowest level of injury that can be measured

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5
Q

Nominal threshhold

A

Subjective threshold established by practitioners based on experience

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6
Q

Cultural control

A

Strategy relying on manipulating the environment to reduce pest and disease incidence

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7
Q

Categories of genetic resistance to pests in plants

A

1) Induced resistance: traits that are triggered by environmental factors and lower pest fitness;
2) Constitutive resistance: traits whose expression is not triggered by environmental factors

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8
Q

Types of host plant resistance agains pests/pathogens

A

1) Antixenosis: disrupts behavior (e.g., less attractive to pest)
2) Antibiosis: disrupts physiology and increases mortality
3) Tolerance: withstanding capabilities

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9
Q

Genetic directions of genetic resistance

A

Vertical (oligogenic): controlled by one gene
Horizontal (polygenic): controlled by multiple genes

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10
Q

Intercropping

A

Growing two or more crops in close proximity to promote synergistic interactions

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11
Q

Crop rotation

A

Growing different crops in succession; increases soil fertility and reduces disease and pest incidence; for some diseases rotation has to be extended for several seasons

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12
Q

Push-pull strategy

A

Making the protected crop unattractive (push pest away) and pull them into an attractive crop where the pest is killed
e.g., trap crops

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13
Q

Classical biological control

A

Introduction of an exotic NE aiming for permanent establishment

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14
Q

Responsive insecticide applications

A

Need-based; EIL should be considered

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15
Q

Broad spectrum insecticides

A

Toxic to a variety of insects

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16
Q

Selective insecticides

A

Insecticides that minimize effects on non-target organisms

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17
Q

Biopesticides

A

Pesticides developed from other plants or animals; less toxic

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18
Q

Mechanisms of insecticide resistance by pests

A

Metabolic resistance; Altered-target resistance; Behavioural resistance; Penetration resistance; Cross resistance (resistance to A confers resistane to B)

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19
Q

Metabolic resistance to insecticide (mechanisms)

A

1) Recognition and hydrolysis;
2) Conversion into non-toxic
3) Excretion

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20
Q

Altered target site resistance to insecticides

A

Binding site of insecticide is molecularly modified

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21
Q

Behavioral resistance to insecticide

A

Pest switches feeding are (e.g., underside of leaf without insecticide on it)

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22
Q

Penetration resistance to insecticides

A

Outer cuticle develops barriers

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23
Q

Strategies to manage insecticide resistance by pests

A

1) Reduce use (rely on other strategies)
2) Mixing insecticides with different modes of action (can backfire into multiple resistance)
3) Short-persistence insecticides (reduce selective pressure)
4) Insecticide rotation (reduce selective pressure)

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24
Q

Semiochemicals aka infochemicals

A

Chemicals that mediate relationships between two organisms

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25
Q

Behavioural control of pests

A

Manipulate the behavior of the pest (e.g., pheromone trapping and mating disruption);

Herbivore-induced plant volatiles

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26
Q

Integrated pest management

A

Approach to pest management that relies on a combination of practices (includes cultural, chemical, biological, and resistance control strategies + pest monitoring)

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27
Q

Plant disease triangle

A

host, pathogen, environment

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28
Q

Pulses

A

Annual crops harvested solely as dry grains;
peas, beans, and lentils

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29
Q

Annual crop

A

Crops that grow and die in a year; must be replanted each season

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30
Q

Perennial

A

Crops that do not die at the end of the growing season; harvested annually without replanting

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31
Q

Clubroot

A

Disease of crucifers caused by the protist Plasmodiophora brassicae; Causes malformation and stunted growth; gets transmited through contaminated soil

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32
Q

Blackleg

A

Fungal pathogen of canola caused by Leptosphaeria maculans; Causes stem thinning, leaf and ste lesions

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33
Q

Sclerotinia

A

Fungal pathogen of canola that produces brown, watery lesions and bleached stems

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34
Q

Crop diversification

A

Growing a larger variety of crops; reduces suceptibility to pests and disease; avoid reliance on just a few crops

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35
Q

Principles of integrated disease management

A

Exclusion (quarantines, certifications, sterilization);
Eradication (destruction of indected plants);
Protection (prevent a disease from becoming worse);
Resistance (resitant crops)

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36
Q

Crop certification

A

Seeds are screened for pathogens and only those that meet the standard are marketed

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37
Q

Agricultural Pest Act

A

Legislation resonsile for establishing pest control measures in Alberta; Enforced y agricultural fieldmen

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38
Q

Alberta Agriculture and Forestry

A

Legislation that provides education and training

39
Q

Agricultural Service Board

A

Committees addressing agriculture concerns in local jurisdictions

40
Q

Fusarium head blight

A

Important fungal pathogen of grasses (cereals)

41
Q

Biosecurity

A

Procedures designed to minimize spread of infection and pests

42
Q

Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA)

A

Responsible for controlling the safety and food (including crops and livestock) in Canada

43
Q

Tillage

A

Field preparation involving plowing of discarded crop materials into the soil; can increase soil erosion;

Clean tillage: tillage performed many times
Conservative tillage: Incorporates only a portion of plant material to the soil

44
Q

Zero Tillage

A

Allowing stubble to remain in the field; increases moisture and soil organic matter

45
Q

Seed treatment

A

Seeds are coated with chemical or biological pesticides

46
Q

Crop residue burning

A

Effective for disease control, but material is lsot to admosphere; causes air pollution

47
Q

Liming

A

Decreasing soil pH to hinder pathogen development

48
Q

Biological control (broad definition)

A

Supresson of pest organisms with another organism

49
Q

Chemical control (broad definition)

A

Use of chemical compounds that are toxic to a pest

50
Q

Correct dose

A

Adhering to manufacturer guidelines when using a pesticide; Aims to reduce pesticide resistance

51
Q

Induced systemic resistance

A

Resistance mechanism in plants activated by a pest or pathogen, resulting in an increase in defensive mechanisms

52
Q

Pestice clasifications based on mobility

A

1) Contact (remains on plant surface)
2) Sytemic (absorbed into the plant)
3) Trans-lainar (spreads across leaf surface to the other side, but not through vascular tissue)

53
Q

Yield potential

A

Maximum amount of yield from a crop under ideal conditions

54
Q

Check strip

A

Section of a crop that does not receive a pest or disease treatment; used to compare treated vs untreated

55
Q

Pest

A

Unwanted organism that directly or indirectly interferes with human activities.

56
Q

Types of effects of a pest on a crop

A

1) Direct (immediate effect such as damage)
2) Indirect (e.g., pest transmitting a pathogen)

57
Q

Outbreak

A

Sudden rise in a pest’s population; often exceeds carrying capacity

58
Q

Monoculture

A

Large fields planted with a single crop; increases potential for outbreaks

59
Q

Intensified farming practices (concept)

A

Practices that increase the poential for pest outbreaks

60
Q

Top factors causing pest outbreaks

A

Monocultures,
Highly fertilized crops,
Reduction of naturel enemies,
Agriculture intensification,
Globalization,​
Weather conditions,
Crop breeding for yield

61
Q

Breeding for yield

A

Breeding plants in order to maximize yield can result in loss of traits providing pest resistance (e.g., loss of trichome hairs)

62
Q

Planting date and pest management

A

Practice that aims to disconnect a crop species’ most vulnerable stage from pest emergence (e.g., planting canola late for flea beetles)

63
Q

Plant density and pest management

A

This practice can redue pest impact (e.g., tinner stems less likely ot be oviposited on by root maggots; also lower individual/plant ratio)

64
Q

Host plant resistance (broad definition)

A

The ability of plants to prevent herbivory via chemical or mechanical defenses; may be accompanied by a decrease in yield

65
Q

Classes of biological control agents

A

Predator, parasitoid, pathogen

66
Q

Types of biocontrol

A

1) Classical (release and establishment of an exotic species)
2) Augmentation (increase numbers of an existing NE)
3) Innoculation (NE is expected to establish but not permanently)
4) Inundation (mass rlease of a temporary NE)
5) Conservation (protetion and maintenance of NE populations)

67
Q

Enemy release hypothesis

A

Hypothesis suggesting that exotic pests are successful due to a lack of NE

68
Q

Necessary characteristics of IPM

A

Effective, economical, simple, flexible

69
Q

Adaptive potential

A

A measure of the genetic variance needed by a pest to respond to selective pressures; Insects have a high adaptive potential.

70
Q

Host switching

A

Pathogen, pest, or parasite changing its host organism

71
Q

Host range expansion

A

Pathogen, pest, or parasite adds a new host

72
Q

Isothyocyanates

A

Molecules produced by crucifers that attract parasitoids

73
Q

Insecticide

A

Natural or synthetic chemical used to kill insects

74
Q

Insecticide entry categories

A

1) Contact: Enter insect when it walks over treated surface
2) Systemic: Insecticide is translocated within plant end enters insect via gut
3) Ingestion: Through gut but not necessarilly systemic (e.g., boric acid pelets)
4) Inhalation: Enter insect through tracheal system

75
Q

Examples of cultural controls for insect pests

A

Crop rotation, tillage practices, planting date, planting density, intercropping, trap cropping

76
Q

Insecticide Resistance Action Committee

A

Organization aiming to increase isnecticide effectiveness by managing strategies

77
Q

Insecticide mode of action (concept)

A

The physiological pathway through which it affects an insect

78
Q

Three common synthetic insecticides in the prairies

A

1) Organochlorines: Open Na+ channels in nerves
2) Organophosphates: Inhibit acetylcholinesterase in nerve synapse
3) Neonicotinoids: Block nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
4) Pyrethroids: Prevent Na+ channel closure in neurons

79
Q

Who regulates insecticides in Canada?

A

Health Canada, via the Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA)

80
Q

Insecticide resistance definition

A

reduction in the sensitivity of a population to an insecticide

81
Q

Multiple toxin approach to insecticides

A

The use of more than one toxin in tandem makes it harder for a pest to develop resistance

82
Q

Four management strategies to reduce insecticide resistance

A

1) High dose strategy: LC99 Lethal concentration that kills 99% of population
2) Refugia concept: allowing the non-resistant pest to survive to dilute resistant genomes
3) Avoid repeated use
4) Use in full recommended doses

83
Q

Land sparing

A

Intensifying agriculture with the objective of leaving natural areas for conservation

84
Q

Land sharing

A

Relax agricultural practices to be more environmentally-friendly at the potential expense of lower yield and less natural area

85
Q

Matrix

A

The spatial and qualitative characteristics of agricultural landscapes

86
Q

Wildlife-friendly agriculture

A

Agricultural practices that support biodiverse and heterogeneous agricultural systems

87
Q

Winners/Losers

A

Winners are species that benefit from agriculture; Losers are species that decline in relation to agriculture

88
Q

Jevon’s paradox

A

The original objective of intensifying agriculture to spare natural habitats encourages further expansion due to high revenue

89
Q

FAO

A

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

90
Q

Staple crops

A

Crops that represent a highly important diet component of the human population

91
Q

Cash crops

A

Crops with high economic return independent of its usefulness to basic human needs

92
Q

Land grabs

A

Land acquisition by transnational corporations or other countries

93
Q

Sustainable intensification

A

The goal of increasing yield outputs while at the same time improving environmental and social conditions

Candidacy (14 decks)

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