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Equine Studies > Metacarpus/metatarsus and Carpus > Flashcards

Metacarpus/metatarsus and Carpus Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 ligaments pass through the digital flexor tendon sheath?

A

DDFT
SDFT
ALDDFT (accessory ligament of the DDFT “check ligament”)

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2
Q

What is the lateral and medial “splint bones” called?

A

Lateral: Fourth metacarpal/tarsal bone
Medial: Second metacarpal/tarsal bone

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3
Q

How should condylar or diaphyseal fractures of the Mc/MT be managed?
When is euthanasia warranted?

A

Surgically

If displaced, open or comminuted = PTS

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4
Q

What is dorsal MC disease?
What horses does it occur in?
What can it lead to?

A

Painful periosteitis from excessive cyclic loading
Young, 2 year old racehorses
Can lead to dorsal stress fractures (3 year olds)

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5
Q

What is exostosis of the “splint” bones due to?
What horses is it often seen in?
What are the clinical signs
What is the preferred treatment?

A

Osteoma
Trauma resulting in periosteal bleed then new bone formation
Horses that “dish” in front
Pain, heat, swelling, leading to bony swelling
Conservative: rest, cold therapy, NSAIDs (avoid surgery)

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6
Q

What can cause fetlock sinking?

What are the 2 different presentations on ultrasound?

A

SDFT tendonitis

Focal anechoic lesions, or generalised changes

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7
Q

What are some treatment options for SDFT tendonitis?

A 
Cold hosing
NSAIDs
Box rest
Tendon splitting
Injection of stem cells into tendon
Early exercise
Controlled exercise programme
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8
Q

What causes “notching” in the distal metacarpus?

A

PAL constriction (PAL syndrome)

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9
Q

What is the surgical treatment for PAL syndrome?

A

Use tenscopy
Remove damaged portions of tendons
PAL desmotomy to relieve compression

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10
Q

Name the carpal bones

A

Proximal: Radial, Ulnar, Intermediate
Distal: C2, C3, C4

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11
Q

What carpal disease are Arabs predisposed to?

A

Carpal OA of CMC

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12
Q

What is a carpal “chip” fracture?

What are the 2 causes?

A

Osteochondral fragmentation

  1. Fragmentation of a osteophyte (in OA)
  2. Fragmentation of dorsal articular margin (training, racing breeds)
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13
Q

What is stress maladaption?

A

Sclerosis from repetitive loading

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14
Q

What is the treatment for complete carpal bone fractures?

A

Surgical: internal fixation via arthroscopy

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15
Q

What does acute lameness with swelling over the PALMAR carpus indicate?
What is the treatment?

A

Accessory carpal bone fracture

Conservative (heal by fibrosis), surgical repair is difficult

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16
Q

How do you stabilise a carpal subluxation?

A

Full limb bandage + splints: Zone 3 external coaption

17
Q

Where does the gastrocnemius insert onto?

A

Calcaneal tuberosity

18
Q

Describe the tarsal bones

A 
Calcaneus
Proximal: Large talus TB
Middle: Central TB
Distal: 1st and 2nd (fused), 3rd TB
4th TB across middle and distal rows
19
Q

Which two ligaments run dorsally along the tarsus?

What other ligaments are present in the tarsus?

A 
Tibialis cranialis (medial branch)
Peroneus tertius (lateral branch)
Medial and lateral collateral ligaments
20
Q

What is a “capped hock”?

A

Acquired superficial bursae

Between SDFT and skin

21
Q

Which two bursae are present in the tarsus and what are they?

A

Gastrocnemius (gastrocnemius and tuber calcis)
Intertendinous (gastrocnemius and SDFT)
Both communicate

22
Q

Where does OCD often occur in the tarsus?
What age does it usually present?
What is the main clinical sign?

A

Distal intermediate ridge of the tibia
Think DIRT!!!
Young: 6months - 3 years
Effusion of tarsocrural joint

23
Q

How does tarsal bone collapse present?

What is the treatment and prognosis?

A 
Incomplete ossification
Dysmature/premature foal
(Angular limb deformities)
Supportive therapy until it matures
Poor
24
Q

What is “bone spavin”

What age of horses does it present in?

A

OA of the small tarsal joints (TMT, DIT)

Middle age/older

25
Q

What do bisposphonates do?

A

Slow bone loss

26
Q

What is the treatment for these tarsal fractures?

  1. Calcaneus
  2. Small tarsal bones
  3. Malleolus
A
  1. Euthanasia (unstable)
  2. Conservative or internal fixation
  3. Arthroscopic removal of fragment
27
Q

Which tarsal joints are the most likely to luxate?
Why?
How do you diagnose?

A

TMT or PIT
4th tarsal bone prevents DIT subluxation
Stress radiographs

28
Q

What are the 3 types of soft tissue injury of the tarsus?

A
  1. Lateral luxation of SDFT (calcaneal bursa)
  2. “Thoroughpin” tarsal sheath synoviocoele
  3. Collateral ligament injuries
29
Q

What is the prognosis of collateral ligament injuries?

A

Poor if OA develops

30
Q

What is tarsal sheath synoviocoele “thoroughpin”?

What would you see on ultrasound?

A

Tear in synovial wall of tarsal sheath
Valve effect
Lots of effusion and fibrinous deposits

31
Q

What causes SDFT luxation?

A

Tear of medial attachment leading to lateral luxation of SDFT

Equine Studies (15 decks)

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