Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Equine Studies > Equine Reproduction > Flashcards

Equine Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the gestation length for a mare?

Range and average

A

320-380 days

Average 330 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What clinical signs would you commonly find in a premature foal?

A 
Joint and tendon laxity
Muscle weakness (e.g. recumbency, failure to stand)
Floppy ears
Fine, silky coat
Domed forehead
Underweight
Respiratory distress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is prematurity defined as in horses?

A

Birth at < 320 days gestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a common skeletal problem in premature foals?
What deformity does this predispose them to?
How does this affect future athletic ability?

A

Incomplete ossification of cuboidal bones of the carpus and tarsus, predisposed to crush injury to these bones from weight bearing
Angular limb deformities
Athletically inferior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the difference between a sepsis score and modified sepsis score?

A

Modified sepsis score is without an arterial blood sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the most common bacteria associated with neonatal sepsis?

A

Gram negative

E. coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do the mucous membranes look like in a foal with neonatal sepsis?

A

Hyperaemic (congested), with rapid CRT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does ischaemia cause rupture of caecum and colic in the pregnant mare?

A

Weight of foal on viscera or stretching of visceral blood vessels, leads to necrosis of tissue and rupture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When does uterine torsion usually occur in the mare?
How is it diagnosed?
What is the best surgical treatment?

A

Last 1/3 of pregnancy
Rectal exam: palpation of one tight broad ligament
Standing flank laparotomy (not rolling)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an important differential for ventral oedema?

What can it present with at the onset of foaling?

A

Pre-pubic tendon rupture
PAINFUL oedema
“Red bag delivery”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the treatment for hydrops amnion/allantois?

A

Induce mare, dilate cervix to drain fluid, manually remove foal
+ IV fluids? (maintain systemic blood pressure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is placentitis caused by?
What will it eventually lead to?
How is it diagnosed?

A

Ascending infection from cervix
Abortion
Placental thickening evident on ultrasound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How can perineal lacerations affect future fertility?

A

Disruption of the perineal anatomy by natural healing, altering perineal confirmation –> disrupting vulval seal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a third degree perineal tear?

What is the treatment?

A

Rectum, vulva and vaginal all communicate

Delay surgery for 4-6 weeks until granulated in (if repaired immediately will break down)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the signs of uterine artery rupture?

A

Mild/moderate colic

Progressing to haemorrhagic shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the treatment of RFM?

A

Administer oxytocin (+ NSAIDs and antibiotics)
If still retained, manual removal
If cannot located retained fragments, lavage until fluid is clear and administer more oxytocin (every 2 hours)
Turn mare out to exercise (aids involution)
Re-exam in 12-24 to repeat lavage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does RFM cause death?

A

Decomposition of foetal membranes causes endotoxaemia, leads to severe laminitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is metritis caused by?

A

Partial retention of placenta, or contamination of uterus during foaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the difference between a stallion and a colt?

A

Stallion is a male horse > 4 years old

Colts < 4 years old

20
Q

When do stallions reach peak sexual maturity?

What is the maximum tine testes may take to descend?

A

4-5 years

Descent may occur up to 24 months of age

21
Q

How long does spermatogenesis take?

What does this mean for illness etc.?

A

60 days

Delayed result on sperm, so illness will have an effect on sperm 60 days later

22
Q

What two diseases do stallions have to be tested for?

What vaccine is used

A

Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM)
Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA)
EVA “Artervac” (prove seronegative before administration)

23
Q

What are sources of colic specific to stallions?

A

Inguinal or scrotal herniation

Testicular torsions

24
Q

What are “extenders” added to semen for AI?

A

Extend lifespan of sperm

Antimicrobials that kill pathogens

25
Q

How long can fresh, chilled and frozen semen last?

A

Fresh: A few hours
Chilled: Up to 48 hours
Frozen: Forever (as long as liquid nitrogen is topped up)

26
Q

When should fresh and chilled semen be used to inseminate a mare?
What about frozen?

A

Up to 48 hours before ovulation
(same as natural)
As close to ovulation as possible (up to 12 hours before, or up to 6 hours after)

27
Q

What is a Caslicks used for?

A

Pneumovagina due to poor perineal conformation

Improves vulvar competency

28
Q

When should a caslicks be removed?

A

10-14 days before foaling

29
Q

What is a Gadds procedure?

A 
Perineal reconstruction 
(more invasive than a Caslick)
30
Q

What is risk of embryotomy/foetotomy?

A

Damage to the cervix resulting in cervical incompetence and reduced fertility

31
Q

What is oviduct blockage?

What is the treatment?

A

Ovulation but no embryo in uterus

Oviduct lavage and prostaglandin (relaxes smooth muscle)

32
Q

What is the most common neoplasm of the ovaries in mares?

What are the behavioural signs and prognosis?

A

Granulosa Cell Tumour
Anoestrus or continued oestrus
Stallion-like behaviour or aggression
Good prognosis, rare metastasis

33
Q

How do you diagnose a Granulosa Cell Tumour?

A

Increased Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH)

Ultrasound (honey-comb appearance)

34
Q

What is the treatment for a GCT?

A

Ovariectomy

35
Q

What is “red bag delivery”?

What does it indicate?

A

Red sac instead of clear amnion

Premature detachment of placenta from the uterus, foal is no longer sustained

36
Q

What should you NOT do if you suspect uterine artery rupture?

A

DO NOT move or stress the mare

37
Q

What does poor peroneal confirmation lead to?

What should the orientation of the vestibular opening be?

A

Pneumovagina
Contamination and reduced fertility
Upward (not horizontal)

38
Q

At testicular descent, what does the cranial, middle and caudal gubernaculum become?

A

Cranial: Proper ligament of tests
Middle: Ligament of the tail of the epididymis
Caudal: Scrotal ligament

39
Q

What is the difference between open and closed castration?

A

Open castration, the vaginal tunic has been incised

40
Q

What are 3 complications of castration?

A
  1. Haemorrhage
  2. Nidus formation (closed castrate, suture material, infection, forms fistulous tract)
  3. Inguinal/scrotal hernia (open castrate, herniation of SI through inguinal ring)
41
Q

What is a horse referred to as a “rig”

A

Cryptorchidism

42
Q

How does an inguinal hernia cause colic?

A

Small intestine can become entrapped and strangulated

In inguinal ring/canal

43
Q

What are 3 surgical interventions to treat penile SCC?

A 
1. Distal phallectomy
If just glans penis
2. "Reefing" segmental posthetomy (resection of skin)
If just prepuce or skin
3. En bloc resection
Amputation of penis and retroflexion to create a new hole out of the back - stoma
If invaded corpus cavernosum
Risk of urine scald
44
Q

What drug is contraindicated in breeding stallions?

What is the treatment?

A

ACP (Acepromazine)

B2 agonist and lavage

45
Q

What is priapism?
What is paraphimosis?
What is phimosis?

A

Persistent erection without sexual excitement
Inability to retract penis into the prepuce
Inability to protrude the penis

46
Q

What is the most common neoplasia of the penis?

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Equine Studies (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions