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Equine Studies > Equine GI > Flashcards

Equine GI Flashcards

1
Q

What is a key indicator of the potential need for surgical intervention?

A

Recurrence of pain despite moderate/potent analgesia, or non-response to analgesia

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2
Q

What is the surgical treatment for large colon obstruction?

A

Pelvic flexure enterotomy

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3
Q

What is post-op ileus?

A

Impairment of GI motility after surgery

usually stomach + colon

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4
Q

When should you not give Flunixin as analgesia for colic?

A

If colic of unknown cause with mild/moderate pain
Potent analgesic so masks colic pain and effects of SIRS
Makes decision making more difficult (i.e. whether to refer for surgery or not)

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5
Q

What can oral fluid therapy assist with resolving?

A

Large colon impactions

Hydrates ingesta

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6
Q

What is meconium retention in foals?
What is the treatment?
What is an important differential diagnosis?

A

Failure to pass normal black faeces
Tx: Enema
DDx: Ruptured bladder

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7
Q

What is the main treatment for gastric ulcers?

Which type is more responsive to treatment?

A

Omeprazole

ESGUS

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8
Q

What is the treatment of spasmodic colic?

A

Butylscopolamine (Buscopan)

+/- metimazole/phenylbutazone

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9
Q

What type of colic is the most frequently diagnosed?

A

Spasmodic colic

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10
Q

What type of colic is seen more commonly with increased stabling, straw bedding and box rest?

A

Pelvic flexure impaction

Horses may eat the straw bedding

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11
Q

What would you find in a rectal exam of a horse with a pelvic flexure (large colon) impaction?
In what horses do these RARELY occur?

A

Doughy, firm structure
Caudal-left abdomen
Horses turned out to grass all the time (more likely to be EGS)

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12
Q

What is the treatment for Nephrosplenic entrapment?

A

Phenylnephrine (reduces splenic size)

Lunge then reasess rectally

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13
Q

How do you diagnose Nephrosplenic entrapment?

What type of horses are predisposed?

A

Rectal (left dorsal displacement)
Ultrasound: can’t see left kidney
Warmbloods/large horses

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14
Q

What is the prognosis and treatment of gastrointestinal rupture?
What is it often due to?

A

Hopeless prognosis
Euthanasia
Stomach rupture, due to gastric reflux

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15
Q

What is the treatment for “choke” oesophageal obstruction?

A

Remove feed, usually resolves spontaneously

If not, sedate and lavage oesophagus

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16
Q

Where would you palpate for choke or oesophageal tears?

A

Left cervical region

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17
Q

What are the 3 groups of causes of dysphagia?

A

Pain
Neurogenic
Obstructive

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18
Q

How can haemoabdomen occur following parturition?

A

Rupture of the middle uterine artery

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19
Q

What is an incision hernia?

A

A complication of colic surgery
Hernia at incision site
Increased risk of hernia if incision site infection occurs

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20
Q

What is the treatment for carbohydrate overload?

A 
Lavage gastric contents until runs clear
Cryotherapy of the feet
Flunixin
Referral if SIRS
Activated charcoal?
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21
Q

What does carbohydrate overload cause?

A

Intestinal bacteria ferment carbohydrates producing endotoxins
SIRS, laminitis, diarrhoea and death!

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22
Q

What is the epidemiology of pedunculated lipoma strangulation?

A

Ponies (more than horses)
Geldings
Over 8 years
Small intestine most common

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23
Q

What type of colic are post-foaling mares predisposed to?

A

Large colon volvulus

24
Q

What type of colic is associated with changes in feed?

A

Large colon volvulus

25
Q

Which type of colic is associated with crib biting/windsucking and is seasonal?
What is the post-operative survival like compared to other colic types?

A

Epiploic Foramen Entrapment (EFE)

Highest rate of post-operative mortality

26
Q

What are the 3 risk factors for mortality post colic surgery?

A
  1. Resection length (of small intestine)
  2. Duration of surgery
  3. PCV
    If increased, increased risk of mortality
    (+ post operative ileus?)
27
Q

What are 3 post operative complications of colic surgery?

A
  1. Post-operative Ileus
  2. Surgical site infection
  3. Jugular thrombosis (thrombophlebitis)
28
Q

In which months is Equine Grass Sickness most common?

A

April/May

29
Q

What are the 3 most common reasons for weight loss?

A
  1. Dental disease
  2. Parasitism
  3. Inadequate diet
30
Q

How much of their bodyweight do horses need to eat per day in dry matter?

A

2.5% BW per day

31
Q

What is quidding?

A

Horse loses or spits semi-chewed food out of its mouth

Indicates mouth pain

32
Q

What is the most likely cause of Hypoalbuminaemia and Hypoglobulinaemia?

A

GI loss

33
Q

What serum protein change does Cyathostomiasis cause?

A

Hyperglobinaemia

indicates chronic inflammatory disease

34
Q

What structures can you see on intestinal ultrasound
On the left?
On the rifght

A

Left:
Stomach
Spleen
Small intestine

Right:
Caecum
Liver

35
Q

What 3 paraneoplastic syndromes would you expect with lymphoma?

A
  1. Haemolytic anaemia
  2. Hypercalcaemia
  3. Cachexia
36
Q

What are two bacteria that commonly cause chronic infection?

A

Rhodococcus equi

Streptococcus equi var equi

37
Q

What would you see on an inflammatory haemogram?

A

Neutrophilia
Anaemia
Hyperfibrinogenaemia

38
Q

What are 3 haematological changes associated with parisitism?

A

Neutrophilia
Hypoalbuminaemia
Hyperglobulinaemia

39
Q

In what breed of horses and what discipline is EGUS most common in?

A

Thoroughbred racehorses

40
Q

What are the two types of EGUS and what is the cause for each type?
How is each type graded?

A 
Glandular (EGGUS)
Unclear, stress, NSAIDs
Described, not graded
Squamous (ESGUS)
Acid injury
Graded 1-4 depending on number and depth
41
Q

What are 4 predisposing factors to EGUS?

A
  1. Exercise (gastrin production and acid “splashing” due to increased intra-abdominal pressure)
  2. Low fibre diets
    (Reduced saliva, which buffers acid)
  3. High concentrate diets
    (VFAs and increased gastrin production)
  4. Stress (transport, confinement, stabling)
42
Q

What bowel disease can cause cranky/bad behaviour and poor performance in horses?

A

EGUS

43
Q

What is faecal occult blood, and why is it not reliable to diagnose EGUS?

A

Blood from gastric ulcer found in faeces

Already digested in large bowel

44
Q

What is the treatment for EGUS?

Which type of EGUS is more responsive?

A

Omeprazole (proton pump inhibitor) and reduce risk factors

ESGUS (sqamous) more responsive and lower dose needed

45
Q

Why should you not use alpha 2 agonists in large colon/pelvic flexure impaction?

A

Reduces gut motility

Important in order to push digest out

46
Q

What may occur upon removal of a nasogastric tube?
What should you tell the owner?
What should you do?

A

Epistaxis
Should warn owner beforehand
Don’t panic!
Put horse in stable over bucket, leave quietly for 5-10 minutes
Measure amount of blood lost, up to 1 litre is fine, 4-5 litres start to worry

47
Q

What should you never give with IV trimethoprim sulphonamides?
What does it cause?

A

IV alpha 2 agonists

Fatal arrhythmias

48
Q

What is a risk of rectal exams?

What is the treatment and prognosis?

A 
Rectal tear
Endoscopy to confirm
Refer for treatment 
Or euthanasia 
Poor prognosis
49
Q

What types of colic can dental disorders be associated with?

A

LCV, SCOD, Pelvic flexure impaction, recurrent colic

50
Q

What are some clinical signs of EGS?
How would you diagnose?
What is the prognosis and treatment?

A

SI DISTENSION, PTOSIS
Tachycardia, reflux, muscle tremors/fasciculations, sweating, dysphagia, abnormal stance
Ileal biopsy (via exploratory laparotomy)
Poor prognosis if positive and evidence of reflux
Euthanasia

51
Q

What is the main predisposing factor for EGS?

A

Previous history of grass sickness (avoid using pasture if previously had EGS)

52
Q

What is the cause of granulating, non-healing wounds?

A

Constant movement
Delays healing (2nd intention) as epithelial cells can’t close over defect
Development of exuberant granulation tissue “Proud flesh”

53
Q

What is the treatment of granulating, non-healing wounds?

A

Debridement and immobilisation of limb
(cast, Robert Jones splint)
Consider refferal

54
Q

What type of colic can be related to high FWECs?

A

Spasmodic colic

Often more horses than normally expected would present with colic on the same yard

55
Q

What is a normal PCV in a horse? What does below 30% indicate

A

32-48%

Indicates anaemia

56
Q

What would you see on gastroscopy of EGUS?

A 
Ulceration (pink)
Hyperkeratotic mucosa (yellow)

Equine Studies (15 decks)

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