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Equine GI Flashcards

1
Q

What is a key indicator of the potential need for surgical intervention?

A

Recurrence of pain despite moderate/potent analgesia, or non-response to analgesia

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2
Q

What is the surgical treatment for large colon obstruction?

A

Pelvic flexure enterotomy

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3
Q

What is post-op ileus?

A

Impairment of GI motility after surgery

usually stomach + colon

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4
Q

When should you not give Flunixin as analgesia for colic?

A

If colic of unknown cause with mild/moderate pain
Potent analgesic so masks colic pain and effects of SIRS
Makes decision making more difficult (i.e. whether to refer for surgery or not)

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5
Q

What can oral fluid therapy assist with resolving?

A

Large colon impactions

Hydrates ingesta

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6
Q

What is meconium retention in foals?
What is the treatment?
What is an important differential diagnosis?

A

Failure to pass normal black faeces
Tx: Enema
DDx: Ruptured bladder

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7
Q

What is the main treatment for gastric ulcers?

Which type is more responsive to treatment?

A

Omeprazole

ESGUS

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8
Q

What is the treatment of spasmodic colic?

A

Butylscopolamine (Buscopan)

+/- metimazole/phenylbutazone

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9
Q

What type of colic is the most frequently diagnosed?

A

Spasmodic colic

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10
Q

What type of colic is seen more commonly with increased stabling, straw bedding and box rest?

A

Pelvic flexure impaction

Horses may eat the straw bedding

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11
Q

What would you find in a rectal exam of a horse with a pelvic flexure (large colon) impaction?
In what horses do these RARELY occur?

A

Doughy, firm structure
Caudal-left abdomen
Horses turned out to grass all the time (more likely to be EGS)

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12
Q

What is the treatment for Nephrosplenic entrapment?

A

Phenylnephrine (reduces splenic size)

Lunge then reasess rectally

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13
Q

How do you diagnose Nephrosplenic entrapment?

What type of horses are predisposed?

A

Rectal (left dorsal displacement)
Ultrasound: can’t see left kidney
Warmbloods/large horses

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14
Q

What is the prognosis and treatment of gastrointestinal rupture?
What is it often due to?

A

Hopeless prognosis
Euthanasia
Stomach rupture, due to gastric reflux

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15
Q

What is the treatment for “choke” oesophageal obstruction?

A

Remove feed, usually resolves spontaneously

If not, sedate and lavage oesophagus

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16
Q

Where would you palpate for choke or oesophageal tears?

A

Left cervical region

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17
Q

What are the 3 groups of causes of dysphagia?

A

Pain
Neurogenic
Obstructive

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18
Q

How can haemoabdomen occur following parturition?

A

Rupture of the middle uterine artery

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19
Q

What is an incision hernia?

A

A complication of colic surgery
Hernia at incision site
Increased risk of hernia if incision site infection occurs

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20
Q

What is the treatment for carbohydrate overload?

A 
Lavage gastric contents until runs clear
Cryotherapy of the feet
Flunixin
Referral if SIRS
Activated charcoal?
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21
Q

What does carbohydrate overload cause?

A

Intestinal bacteria ferment carbohydrates producing endotoxins
SIRS, laminitis, diarrhoea and death!

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22
Q

What is the epidemiology of pedunculated lipoma strangulation?

A

Ponies (more than horses)
Geldings
Over 8 years
Small intestine most common

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23
Q

What type of colic are post-foaling mares predisposed to?

A

Large colon volvulus

24
Q

What type of colic is associated with changes in feed?

A

Large colon volvulus

25
Which type of colic is associated with crib biting/windsucking and is seasonal? What is the post-operative survival like compared to other colic types?
Epiploic Foramen Entrapment (EFE) | Highest rate of post-operative mortality
26
What are the 3 risk factors for mortality post colic surgery?
1. Resection length (of small intestine) 2. Duration of surgery 3. PCV If increased, increased risk of mortality (+ post operative ileus?)
27
What are 3 post operative complications of colic surgery?
1. Post-operative Ileus 2. Surgical site infection 3. Jugular thrombosis (thrombophlebitis)
28
In which months is Equine Grass Sickness most common?
April/May
29
What are the 3 most common reasons for weight loss?
1. Dental disease 2. Parasitism 3. Inadequate diet
30
How much of their bodyweight do horses need to eat per day in dry matter?
2.5% BW per day
31
What is quidding?
Horse loses or spits semi-chewed food out of its mouth | Indicates mouth pain
32
What is the most likely cause of Hypoalbuminaemia and Hypoglobulinaemia?
GI loss
33
What serum protein change does Cyathostomiasis cause?
Hyperglobinaemia | indicates chronic inflammatory disease
34
What structures can you see on intestinal ultrasound On the left? On the rifght
Left: Stomach Spleen Small intestine Right: Caecum Liver
35
What 3 paraneoplastic syndromes would you expect with lymphoma?
1. Haemolytic anaemia 2. Hypercalcaemia 3. Cachexia
36
What are two bacteria that commonly cause chronic infection?
Rhodococcus equi | Streptococcus equi var equi
37
What would you see on an inflammatory haemogram?
Neutrophilia Anaemia Hyperfibrinogenaemia
38
What are 3 haematological changes associated with parisitism?
Neutrophilia Hypoalbuminaemia Hyperglobulinaemia
39
In what breed of horses and what discipline is EGUS most common in?
Thoroughbred racehorses
40
What are the two types of EGUS and what is the cause for each type? How is each type graded?
``` Glandular (EGGUS) Unclear, stress, NSAIDs Described, not graded Squamous (ESGUS) Acid injury Graded 1-4 depending on number and depth ```
41
What are 4 predisposing factors to EGUS?
1. Exercise (gastrin production and acid "splashing" due to increased intra-abdominal pressure) 2. Low fibre diets (Reduced saliva, which buffers acid) 3. High concentrate diets (VFAs and increased gastrin production) 4. Stress (transport, confinement, stabling)
42
What bowel disease can cause cranky/bad behaviour and poor performance in horses?
EGUS
43
What is faecal occult blood, and why is it not reliable to diagnose EGUS?
Blood from gastric ulcer found in faeces | Already digested in large bowel
44
What is the treatment for EGUS? | Which type of EGUS is more responsive?
Omeprazole (proton pump inhibitor) and reduce risk factors | ESGUS (sqamous) more responsive and lower dose needed
45
Why should you not use alpha 2 agonists in large colon/pelvic flexure impaction?
Reduces gut motility | Important in order to push digest out
46
What may occur upon removal of a nasogastric tube? What should you tell the owner? What should you do?
Epistaxis Should warn owner beforehand Don't panic! Put horse in stable over bucket, leave quietly for 5-10 minutes Measure amount of blood lost, up to 1 litre is fine, 4-5 litres start to worry
47
What should you never give with IV trimethoprim sulphonamides? What does it cause?
IV alpha 2 agonists | Fatal arrhythmias
48
What is a risk of rectal exams? | What is the treatment and prognosis?
``` Rectal tear Endoscopy to confirm Refer for treatment Or euthanasia Poor prognosis ```
49
What types of colic can dental disorders be associated with?
LCV, SCOD, Pelvic flexure impaction, recurrent colic
50
What are some clinical signs of EGS? How would you diagnose? What is the prognosis and treatment?
SI DISTENSION, PTOSIS Tachycardia, reflux, muscle tremors/fasciculations, sweating, dysphagia, abnormal stance Ileal biopsy (via exploratory laparotomy) Poor prognosis if positive and evidence of reflux Euthanasia
51
What is the main predisposing factor for EGS?
Previous history of grass sickness (avoid using pasture if previously had EGS)
52
What is the cause of granulating, non-healing wounds?
Constant movement Delays healing (2nd intention) as epithelial cells can't close over defect Development of exuberant granulation tissue "Proud flesh"
53
What is the treatment of granulating, non-healing wounds?
Debridement and immobilisation of limb (cast, Robert Jones splint) Consider refferal
54
What type of colic can be related to high FWECs?
Spasmodic colic | Often more horses than normally expected would present with colic on the same yard
55
What is a normal PCV in a horse? What does below 30% indicate
32-48% | Indicates anaemia
56
What would you see on gastroscopy of EGUS?
``` Ulceration (pink) Hyperkeratotic mucosa (yellow) ```

Equine Studies (15 decks)

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