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Equine Studies > Equine Cardiology > Flashcards

Equine Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order of heart sounds?

A

S3: Rapid filling of ventricles
S4: Atrial contraction
S1: AV valves close (Lub)
S2: Aortic/pulmonary valves close (Dup)

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2
Q

Which heart sounds can be heart in the horse normally?

A

All of them, S3 is less commonly heard

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3
Q

What are the two types of physiological murmurs?

A

Aortic flow

Ventricular filling

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4
Q

Where is an aortic flow murmur heard?
What sound is it?
When does it finish?
Is is systolic or diastolic?

A

Left heart base
Crescendo-decrescendo
Always finish before S2
Systolic

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5
Q

What type of horses do you hear ventricular filling murmurs in?
What heart sounds are they between?
What sound would you expect?

A

Young, fit horses
Between S2 and S3
Squeak/whoop/click
Diastolic

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6
Q

Where is the PMI in mitral valve regurgitation murmurs?

Is it during systole or diastole?

A

Left heart apex

Holo/pansystolic

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7
Q

On which side do you hear VSD murmurs?

Systolic or diastolic?

A

Right (loud - thrill)

Pansystolic

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8
Q

Where is the PMI for aortic regurgitation murmurs?
Are they diastolic or systolic?
What is their characteristic sound, and age of presentation?

A 
PMI: Heart base
Holodiastolic
Uhhhhhh
"Teenager murmur"
Decresendo, buzzing/cooing
(older horses, teens and above)
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9
Q

What is the classic sound of a PDA murmur?

Where is the PMI?

A

Waxing/waning “machinery murmur”

Left heart base

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10
Q

What are the 3 distributions of oedema?

A
  1. Dependent (lowermost parts of body)
  2. Local
  3. Anasarca (generalised subcutaneous oedema)
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11
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of oedema?

A
  1. Increased hydrostatic pressure
  2. Decreased colloid osmotic pressure (COP)
  3. Lymphatic obstruction
  4. Increased capillary permeability
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12
Q

What does Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA) cause?
What are the main
What do you do if you have a suspected case?

A

(Pan)vasculitis
Variable clinical signs:
Oedema, abortion, respiratory disease, dull/pyrexic
NOTIFIABLE - report to DEFRA!

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13
Q

How is Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA) spread?

A

Respiratory or venereal (carrier stallions)

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14
Q

What are two diseases causing vasculitis that are notifiable to DEFRA?

A

Equine Viral Arteritis

African Horse Sickness

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15
Q

What is the difference between Type 1 and 3 hypersensitivity?

A

Type 1: Histamine

Type 2: Immune complex

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16
Q

What can jugular catheters cause?

Which is more thrombogenic, Polyurethane/silicon or teflon?

A

Thrombosis, thrombophlebitis (thrombosis secondary to inflammation of vessel wall)
Teflon is more thrombogenic

17
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for lymphangitis?

A

Septic synovitis

18
Q

Where is the left and right arm and neutral leads located in an equine ECG?

A 
Left arm (+)
Heart apex
Right arm (-)
Mid right jugular furrow
Neutral
Remote from heart
19
Q

Which AV block is normal in horses? What is it caused by?

A

2nd degree

Increased vagal tone (decreases HR)

20
Q

What is sinus arrhythmia?

What does it NOT indicate?

A

Periodic waxing and waning of R-R interval

NOT in heart failure

21
Q

What type of rhythm does atrial fibrillation cause?
Which heart sound might it cause to be prominent?
What heart sound might you not hear?

A

Irregularly irregular
S3 (Ventricular filling)
S4 (Atrial contraction)

22
Q

What cardiac pathology can Atrial Fibrillation be secondary to, and why?

A

Mitral valve regurgitation

Due to causing left atrial dilation

23
Q

What is the re-entry mechanism of Atrial Fibrillation?

A

Sustained by:
Large atrial mass
Variable refractoriness of cells (due to high vagal tone)

24
Q

What are 3 signs of heart failure in the horse?

Can these be caused by Atrial Fibrilation?

A
  1. Peripheral oedema
  2. HR > 50bpm
  3. Jugular distension/pulsation
    AF is NOT a sign of heart failure, look for other underlying causes
25
Q

What are the two main treatments for Atrial Fibrillation?

A
  1. Quinidine sulphate

2. Transvenous electrical cardioconversion

26
Q

When should cardioconversion treatment NOT be used to treat AF?

A

If underlying cardiac disease is present

27
Q

What is the main effect of Quinidine Sulphate?

A

Increases refractory period for atrial cells

28
Q

How can Mitral valve regurgitation cause AF?
What can this cause?
What is the treatment and prognosis?

A 
MVR causes dilation of the left atrium
Cause:
Heart failure
Treatment: 
Furosemide
Prognosis:
Poor + expensive treatment (poor bioavailability of furosemide)
29
Q

What can a variable pulse indicate?

A

Atrioventricular dissociation (or irregularly irregular rhythm)

30
Q

What do wide, bizarre QRS complexes, lack of P waves, and very high heart rate (e.g. 180bpm) indicate

A

Ventricular tachycardia

Equine Studies (15 decks)

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