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FLC > Metabolism, ATP & Glycolysis > Flashcards

Metabolism, ATP & Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

What is energy used for in living organsims?

A

Energy is required to carry out life processes e.g.

  • molecule synthesis
  • establishing ion gradients
  • mechanical work
  • maintaining body heat
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2
Q

Why is metabolism such a significant part of the whole body?

A

Integrates all the processes in the body

- often product of one process is substrate for another

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3
Q

Explain why the study of metabolism is essential

A

Can study metabolic diseases
Can alter the way body uses food
Can use metabolite changes to aid diagnosis and follow treatment

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4
Q

How does ATP transfer energy?

A

Acts as an energy donor and acceptor

is a short term energy reservoir

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5
Q

Collectively what do we name the life processes?

A

This is our Metabolism

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6
Q

Approximately how much energy is used during exercise?

A

0.5 kgmin⁻¹

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7
Q

Outline the process of glycolysis

A
  1. Glucose phosphorylated by 2Pi molecules
    • energy provided by ATP hydrolysis
  2. Phosphorylated glucose split into 2 3C molecules
  3. NAD reduced as 3C TP is oxidised
  4. 2 Pyruvate molecules produced
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8
Q

What enzyme is responsible for the conversion of glucose to G6P

A

Hexokinase using ATP

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9
Q

What is Anabolism ?

A

Synthesis of new molecules from smaller less complex molecules

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10
Q

Where in a cell does glycolysis occur?

A

In the mitochondria

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11
Q

How much energy is available after ATP hydrolysis?

A

65Kjmol⁻¹

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12
Q

What is the role of glucokinase in the liver?

A

Also converts Glucose -> G6P (same as hexokinase)

provides 95% of hexokinase activity in hepatocytes

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13
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

2ATP, 2NADH, 2 Pyruvate

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14
Q

How much ATP does the body approximately contain?

A

100g of ATP

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15
Q

Why is liver glycolysis regulation so much more complex than in muscles?

A

The liver has many more functions than muscles

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16
Q

Why does a low pH not have a significant effect on the liver?

A

Lactate isn’t produced in the liver

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17
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of G6P to Fructose-6-Phosphate ?

A

Phosphofructokinase using ATP

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18
Q

How is glycolysis regulated?

A

By the regulation of enzymes catalysing irreversible reactions

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19
Q

Where do humans get their energy from?

A

All our energy is derived from the food we eat

20
Q

How is the activity of glycolysis irreversible enzymes regulated?

A
  • reversible binding of allosteric effectors
  • covalent modifications
  • transcription
21
Q

How is the energy demands met by ATP in the body?

A

ATP resynthesised from ADP during oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria

22
Q

Define Catabolism

A

Breakdown of complex molecules to release energy or to carry out mechanical work

23
Q

How much energy is used at rest in 24hrs?

A

40Kg

24
Q

What factors inhibit the conversion of G6P to F6P in the liver and muscle?

A

High [ATP]
Low pH
inhibits phosphofructokinase
- lower F6P affinity

25
Q

How is ATP formed?

A

From ADP catalysed by Adenylate KInase enzyme

26
Q

What is the significance of glycolysis being inhibited by low pH in muscles ?

A

Protects muscle from excessive lactate production during anaerobic respiration

27
Q

Which step in glycolysis is the most significant regulatory point?

A

The conversion of G6P to Fructose-6-Phosphate by Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

28
Q

How is PFK inhibited in the liver?

A

High [ATP] inhibits PFK

Citrate inhibits PFK

29
Q

How do tumours and exercising muscles fulfill their energy needs?

A

Their energy requirements are met through anaerobic respiration

30
Q

What are the 2 major functions of glycolysis?

A
  1. Degrades glucose to generate ATP

2. Provides the building blocks for cellular component synthesis

31
Q

What happens to F6P in the liver when [blood glucose] is high?

A

F6P indirectly converted to F26BisP

32
Q

What is the role of pyruvate kinase in glycolysis?

A

Conversion of Phosphopenol pyruvate to pyruvate using ATP

33
Q

Write out the equation for the production of lactate in anaerobic conditions

A

Pyruvate + NADH -> Lactate + NAD

34
Q

What activates Pyruvate KInase activity?

A

Pyruvate KInase activity increases when energy charge is low (glycolytic intermediates accumulate)

35
Q

How is PFK stimulated in the liver?

A

Indirectly stimulated by the build up of F6P

36
Q

How does glycolysis occur in anaerobic conditions?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation reduces pyruvate -> lactate

NADH is oxidised producing NAD for glycolysis to continue

37
Q

Why do tumours use glycolysis?

A

Tumours outgrow their blood supply
Oxygen delivery is reduced
Therefore tumour cells metabolism reverts to glycolysis

38
Q

How is the production of NAD guaranteed for glycolysis to continue?

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate continually oxidised to regenerate NAD

39
Q

What inhibits the activity of Hexokinase in the liver?

A

G6P inhibits hexokinase

40
Q

Explain what occurs in the liver when [glucose] increases?

A

Glucose increases F26BisP concentration

Activating PFK allowing glycolysis to occur

41
Q

What is activated due to a reduction in Oxygen?

A

Transcription Factor HIF 1ɒ activated in response to hypoxia

42
Q

What factors inhibit the activity of Pyruvate Kinase?

A

Alanine and ATP

43
Q

What is the role of the transcription factor HIF 1ɒ during hypoxia?

A

Regulates the expression of enzymes in the glycolytic pathway

44
Q

How does Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate regulate glycolysis?

A

Allosterically affects PFK and F16BisP activity to regulate glycolysis and gluconeogenesis

45
Q

How is an/aerobic respiration controlled?

A

The rate at which glucose is converted to pyruvate is regulated in 3 non reversible step:

  • Inhibition of PFK (by ATP and citrate)
  • PFK activation (by AMP and F26BisP)

FLC (34 decks)

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