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FLC > Acetyl CoA, Mitochondria & O2 > Flashcards

Acetyl CoA, Mitochondria & O2 Flashcards

1
Q

When does aerobic respiration occur?

A

Only in the presence of O2

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2
Q

Where does Aerobic respiration occur?

A

In the mitochondria

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3
Q

Which processes are required to occur for aerobic respiration to occur?

A

Citric Acid Cycle

Oxidative Phosphorylation

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4
Q

What is the significance of aerobic respiration?

A

Yields more energy in ATP form

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5
Q

List the functions of mitochondria in a cell

A
  • Hydrolyse fatty acids into Acetyl CoA (gain energy)
  • Decarboxylate Pyruvate into Acetyl CoA
  • Citric Acid Cycle
  • Oxidative Phosphorylation
  • Thermogenesis
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6
Q

What is the significance of the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

Pivotal metabolic pathway generating reducing equivelants for ATP generation and metabolic intermediates for anabolic pathways

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7
Q

What is Thermogenesis?

A

When the energy stored in ATP is released to generate heat

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8
Q

Summarise Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Formation of ATP from ADP + Pi
- reducing equivelants derived from the breakdown of
Acetyl CoA
- electrons combine with O2 to form H2O

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9
Q

Who is thermogenesis especially useful for?

A

Infants and mammals living in low temp

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10
Q

What gives brown fat cells their brown colour?

A

They contain lots of mitochondria to generate heat giving them brown appearance

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11
Q

What are the products of the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

3NADH, 2FADH, 1 GTP

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12
Q

Outline the stages of the citric acid cycle

A

In presence of O2
- Pyruvate converted to Acetyl CoA (2C)
- Acetyl CoA reacts with oxaloacetate acid (4C)
=> forms citrate (6C)
- Citrate loses 2CO2 molecules via a series of reactions
- 3 NADH and 2FADH molecules are released
- 1 GTP molecule is formed

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13
Q

Where do the electrons required for oxidative phosphorylation come from?

A

The Citric Acid Cycle

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14
Q

How is the Citric Acid Cycle regulated?

A

The formation of Acetyl CoA from pyruvate is irreversible

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15
Q

Why is the Citric Acid Cycle so significant to the whole body?

A

Integrates Carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism
- source of building blocks for most important bio
molecules

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16
Q

How does formation of Acetyl CoA from Pyruvate being irreversible regulate the cycle?

A

This commits the glucose carbon skeleton to either oxidation or fatty acid synthesis

17
Q

What enzyme is involved in the conversion of pyruvate into Acetyl CoA?

A

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

18
Q

How is the conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA inhibited?

A

Inhibited by NADH and Acetyl CoA

Regulated by phosphatase and kinase

19
Q

How does the reaction occur in muscle?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase activated by a phosphatase stimulated by calcium ions

20
Q

How is the phosphatase enzyme stimulated in the liver?

A

Insulin stimulates phosphatase which funnels glucose to fatty acid synthesis

21
Q

How is fatty acid synthesis triggered?

A

Adrenaline increases calcium influx through the activation of adrenergic receptors and IP3

22
Q

How does NADH and Acetyl CoA regulate glucose production?

A

Build up of NADH and Acetyl CoA inform sthe enzyme, the cells energy requirements are being met/ fatty acids are being hydrolysed
- spares glucose

23
Q

What is the BeriBeri disease?

A

Thiamine deficiency in thiamine (vitamin B1)
- thiamine is a prosthetic group for pyruvate and ɒ
ketogluterate dehydrogenase

24
Q

List some symptoms of Beriberi disease

A

Cardiac issues

neurological issues - common as glucose primary source of energy

25
Q

What is the role of the electron transport chain?

A

ATP synthesis

involves removal of H+ from oxidisable substrates

26
Q

How many protons are required to form one ATP molecule?

A

4H+ (3 protons = 1 ATP, 1H+ used to transport it out)

27
Q

Outline the steps of the electron transport chain

A
  1. H enter the transport chain
  2. split into H+ and e-
  3. e- passes through cytochrome enzymes
  4. e- react with o2 forming H2O
  5. H pumped across intermembranal matrix
    - down pH gradient creates transmembranal potential
  6. H+ diffuses back into cytosol through ATP synthase
  7. ATP synthase undergoes conformational change
  8. Can now catalyse ATP production from ADP and Pi
28
Q

How are degenerative disease caused?

A

Caused by mutations in e- transport protein genes

29
Q

Name some degenerative diseases?

A
  • fatigue
  • epilepsy
  • dementia
30
Q

How is the electron transport chain regulated?

A

By the need of ATP

- tightly coupled to oxidative phosphorylation

FLC (34 decks)

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