Metabolism and Survival - Cell Respiration

Question 1

ADP

adenosine diphosphate

Answer 1

low energy molecule composed of adenosine and two phosphate groups

Question 2

ATP

adesosine triphosphate

Answer 2

high energy molecule composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups

Question 3

ATP synthase

Answer 3

enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of ATP

Question 4

cellular respiration

Answer 4

a series of enzyme controlled reactions that releases energy from food

Question 5

dehydrogenase

Answer 5

enzyme that removes hydrogen ions and high energy electrons from the respiritory substrate

Question 6

glucose

Answer 6

respiritory substrate which provides energy for the regeneration of ATP

Question 7

phosphorylation

Answer 7

the addition of phosphate(s) to molecules

Question 8

Pi

Answer 8

inorganic phosphate

Question 9

phosphorylation

word equation for ADP

Answer 9

ADP + Pi –> ATP

Question 10

fermentation

Answer 10

form of cellular respiration which involves the partial breakdown of glucose in the absense of oxygen

Question 11

fermentation

animals - word equation

Answer 11

glucose –> lactate + energy

Question 12

fermentation

plants and yeast - word equation

Answer 12

glucose –> ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy

Question 13

NAD

Answer 13

coenzyme molecule that carries hydrogen ions and high energy electrons to the electron transport chain

Question 14

glycolysis

process

Answer 14

energy investment phase
- 2ATP phosphorylate glucose (6C) to form intermediate molecules

energy pay off-stage
- the conversion of intermediate molecules into two pyruvate (3C) molecules producing 4ATP - net gain of 2ATP
- dehydrogenase enzymes remove H⁺ and high energy electrons - these combine with NAD to form NADH which carries them to the electron transport chain

Question 15

citric acid cycle

Answer 15

• pyruvate (3C) is broken down into an acetyl group (2C) which then combines wtih coenzyme A to be trasferred to the citric acid cycle as acetyl coA - during this CO₂ is released, and NAD forms NADH
• the acetyl group from coA combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate
• enzyme controlled reactions convert citrate back into oxaloacetate generating ATP - CO₂ is released, NAD forms NADH to carry hydrogen ions and high energy electrons to the electron transport chain.

Question 16

electron transport chain

Answer 16

• series of carrier proteins attached to the inner mitochondrial membrane
• H⁺ ions and electrons from NADH are transferred to the ETC
• they separate, the high energy electrons are passed down transport chains to release energy
• the energy allows hydrogen ions to be pumped across the membrane
• the return flow of H⁺ ions rotates part of the membrane protein ATP synthase which catalyses the synthesis of ATP
• oxygen is the final acceptor of electrons and H⁺ ions, as they come to the end of the ETC, combining to form water