Metabolism and Survival - Cell Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

ADP

adenosine diphosphate

A

low energy molecule composed of adenosine and two phosphate groups

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2
Q

ATP

adesosine triphosphate

A

high energy molecule composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups

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3
Q

ATP synthase

A

enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of ATP

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4
Q

cellular respiration

A

a series of enzyme controlled reactions that releases energy from food

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5
Q

dehydrogenase

A

enzyme that removes hydrogen ions and high energy electrons from the respiritory substrate

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6
Q

glucose

A

respiritory substrate which provides energy for the regeneration of ATP

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7
Q

phosphorylation

A

the addition of phosphate(s) to molecules

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8
Q

Pi

A

inorganic phosphate

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9
Q

phosphorylation

word equation for ADP

A

ADP + Pi –> ATP

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10
Q

fermentation

A

form of cellular respiration which involves the partial breakdown of glucose in the absense of oxygen

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11
Q

fermentation

animals - word equation

A

glucose –> lactate + energy

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12
Q

fermentation

plants and yeast - word equation

A

glucose –> ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy

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13
Q

NAD

A

coenzyme molecule that carries hydrogen ions and high energy electrons to the electron transport chain

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14
Q

glycolysis

process

A

energy investment phase
- 2ATP phosphorylate glucose (6C) to form intermediate molecules

energy pay off-stage
- the conversion of intermediate molecules into two pyruvate (3C) molecules producing 4ATP - net gain of 2ATP
- dehydrogenase enzymes remove H+ and high energy electrons - these combine with NAD to form NADH which carries them to the electron transport chain

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15
Q

citric acid cycle

A
  • pyruvate (3C) is broken down into an acetyl group (2C) which then combines wtih coenzyme A to be trasferred to the citric acid cycle as acetyl coA - during this CO2 is released, and NAD forms NADH
  • the acetyl group from coA combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate
  • enzyme controlled reactions convert citrate back into oxaloacetate generating ATP - CO2 is released, NAD forms NADH to carry hydrogen ions and high energy electrons to the electron transport chain.
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16
Q

electron transport chain

A
  • series of carrier proteins attached to the inner mitochondrial membrane
  • H+ ions and electrons from NADH are transferred to the ETC
  • they separate, the high energy electrons are passed down transport chains to release energy
  • the energy allows hydrogen ions to be pumped across the membrane
  • the return flow of H+ ions rotates part of the membrane protein ATP synthase which catalyses the synthesis of ATP
  • oxygen is the final acceptor of electrons and H+ ions, as they come to the end of the ETC, combining to form water