Metabolism and Obesity Flashcards
How is cholesterol delivered to the cells?
Via liposomes
How is excess cholesterol removed from the cells?
Via HDL
Where are the two ways that carbohydrates are stored?
Glycogen in liver and muscle
Fat in adipose tissue
What are features of Glycogenolysis in the liver?
Rapid
Enzyme present
Maintain blood glucose
Short-lived
What are the features of glycogenolysis in muscle?
Slower
Enzyme not present
Provide ATP, Lactate and Pyruvate
What can lactate and pyruvate be used to make?
Glucose
What can muscle lactate contribute to?
Blood glucose via the Cori Cycle
What is lipolysis?
Breakdown of triglycerides
Glycerol converted to glucose
Fatty acids undergo beta oxidation
What is gluconeogenesis?
Synthesis of glucose from pre-cursors such as amino acids and glycerol
What does the accumulation of excess Acetyly CoA lead to?
Ketone body synthesis
What is ketogenesis?
Fate of the products of FA metabolism is determined by an animal’s physiological state
What can ketone bodies be used for?
ATP production - skeletal muscle
Energy - heart
Used by the brain
What is ‘acetone breath’?
Patients with severe ketoacidosis have a noticeable odor of acetone on the breath
What is the body’s response to starvation?
Glycogen is used up quickly
Fat slows protein breakdown
Temperature and blood glucose only fall at th end
death occurs 4 weeks later
How is blood sugar formed?
First from glycogenolysis the gluconeogenesis
What is the use of fat?
Natural adipocytes consumed tp spare lipids key to cell structure
How is acidemia combatted?
Use of buffer systems
What is 1kCal?
Energy required to raise 1L of water (1kg) by 1 degree Celsius
What is calorimetry?
Measure of oxygen consumption
Relative to body surface area
What is the Respiratory Quotient?
Calorific value per unit of CO2 produced
RQ = CO2 eliminated/ O2 consumed
How can BMR be increased?
Cold climates
Protein
Sympathetic nervous system
Thyroid hormones
Growth hormones
What is leptin?
Hormone that excites satiety center of hypothalamus and acts as an adipostat
What is Ghrelin?
Orexigenic hormone that stimulates eating
Promotes growth hormone release and targets hypothalamus
Target for obesity
What happens if you have a leptin deficiency?
gained % body fat
