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Digestion and Excretion > Metabolism and Obesity > Flashcards

Metabolism and Obesity Flashcards

1
Q

How is cholesterol delivered to the cells?

A

Via liposomes

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2
Q

How is excess cholesterol removed from the cells?

A

Via HDL

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3
Q

Where are the two ways that carbohydrates are stored?

A

Glycogen in liver and muscle
Fat in adipose tissue

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4
Q

What are features of Glycogenolysis in the liver?

A

Rapid
Enzyme present
Maintain blood glucose
Short-lived

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5
Q

What are the features of glycogenolysis in muscle?

A

Slower
Enzyme not present
Provide ATP, Lactate and Pyruvate

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6
Q

What can lactate and pyruvate be used to make?

A

Glucose

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7
Q

What can muscle lactate contribute to?

A

Blood glucose via the Cori Cycle

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8
Q

What is lipolysis?

A

Breakdown of triglycerides
Glycerol converted to glucose
Fatty acids undergo beta oxidation

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9
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

Synthesis of glucose from pre-cursors such as amino acids and glycerol

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10
Q

What does the accumulation of excess Acetyly CoA lead to?

A

Ketone body synthesis

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11
Q

What is ketogenesis?

A

Fate of the products of FA metabolism is determined by an animal’s physiological state

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12
Q

What can ketone bodies be used for?

A

ATP production - skeletal muscle
Energy - heart
Used by the brain

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13
Q

What is ‘acetone breath’?

A

Patients with severe ketoacidosis have a noticeable odor of acetone on the breath

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14
Q

What is the body’s response to starvation?

A

Glycogen is used up quickly
Fat slows protein breakdown
Temperature and blood glucose only fall at th end
death occurs 4 weeks later

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15
Q

How is blood sugar formed?

A

First from glycogenolysis the gluconeogenesis

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16
Q

What is the use of fat?

A

Natural adipocytes consumed tp spare lipids key to cell structure

17
Q

How is acidemia combatted?

A

Use of buffer systems

18
Q

What is 1kCal?

A

Energy required to raise 1L of water (1kg) by 1 degree Celsius

19
Q

What is calorimetry?

A

Measure of oxygen consumption
Relative to body surface area

20
Q

What is the Respiratory Quotient?

A

Calorific value per unit of CO2 produced
RQ = CO2 eliminated/ O2 consumed

21
Q

How can BMR be increased?

A

Cold climates
Protein
Sympathetic nervous system
Thyroid hormones
Growth hormones

22
Q

What is leptin?

A

Hormone that excites satiety center of hypothalamus and acts as an adipostat

23
Q

What is Ghrelin?

A

Orexigenic hormone that stimulates eating
Promotes growth hormone release and targets hypothalamus
Target for obesity

24
Q

What happens if you have a leptin deficiency?

A

gained % body fat

Digestion and Excretion (22 decks)

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