Metabolism Flashcards
_______- Sum of all chemical reactions in an organism
Metabolism
Metabolism:
________- a series of interconnected biochemical reactions that convert a substrate molecule or molecules, step-by-step, through a series of metabolic intermediates, eventually yielding a final product or products.
Metabolic pathway
What are the two major types of metabolic pathways?
Anabolic pathways
catabolic pathways
What type of metabolic pathway is this?
______- small molecules assemble into large ones. o Energy is required. o Examples: Photosynthesis (plants), DNA replication, transcription, translation.
Anabolic pathways
What type of metabolic pathway is this?
_________- large molecules break into small ones. o Energy is released. o Example: Glucose catabolism C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 673 kcal
Catabolic pathways
_______- potential to do work or heat on object
Energy
______- amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of H2O 1 °C
calorie
What is the first law of Thermodynamics?
Energy may transfer from place to place or transform into different forms, but energy cannot be created or destroyed.
What is the second law of Thermodynamics
Energy transfer or transformation always increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe.
_______- is the energy transfer from a chemical reaction that is available to do work
Gibb’s Free Energy
_______- products have less free energy than the reactants, because they gave off some free energy during the reaction.
* These reactions form catabolic pathways.
Exergonic reaction
______- nonspontaneous reactions that require energy input to produce products have more free energy than the reactants. § These reactions form anabolic pathways
Endergonic reaction
How humans obtain energy:…..
The sun is the ultimate source of the energy that powers ________
life
How humans obtain energy:…..
Plants perform photosynthesis converting solar energy to chemical energy stored in ________ between atoms in organic molecules
Covalent bonds
How humans obtain energy:…..
Humans and other animals obtain energy by eating food that contains ________
organic molecules
_________ of organic molecules releases energy that a can be used for work.
Catabolism
When glucose is broken down some of the energy released can be used to drive the following anabolic reaction: ADP + Pi → ______
ATP
_______- is an organelle that contains the enzyme
Mitochondria
_______-that produces large amounts of ATP at the end of a metabolic pathway known as aerobic cellular respiration
ATP synthase
Aerobic cellular respiration requires 14)_________(a molecule that composes about 21% of the gas in the atmosphere) and
produces the waste 15)________ (the air you breathe out has more of this gas than the air that you breathe in).
14) O_2
15) CO_2
Energy stored in ATP will be used by the cell for ______.
biological work
Many enzymes perform hydrolysis of ATP (producing _______) and use the energy. released for biological work:
ADP + Pi
Synthesis of macromolecule polymers.
* Example: _______ is the small organelle composed of rRNA and protein that use ATP to fuel protein synthesis (translation).
Ribosome
Active transport of chemicals in and out of cells.
*Example: ____________ use ATP to transport sodium out of the cytoplasm and potassium into the cytoplasm.
Sodium potassium pump
NA+/K pump
Contraction of muscles. § Example: _______ is a motor protein found in muscle cells that uses ATP.
Myosin
What is an Enzyme?
Biological catalyst
Enzyme are…..
- Enzyme is very selective- it catalyzes specific reactions reaction
- They recognizes a specific substrate
- They can function over and over again (can be reused)
How an enzyme works?
Each enzyme binds a specific reactant molecule (substrate) at its active site. • Enzymes function as catalysts: lowering Activation energy for a chemical reaction. • After the reactants are converted, the products are released and the enzyme remains unchanged. • Enzyme + Substrate →
Enzyme-substrate complex→ Product + Enzyme
Factors Affecting Enzymes Activity:
1. Temperature
Increase in temperature, 20) ____increases or decreases ___ the rate of
enzymatic reactions by increasing kinetic energy of molecules
o However, at a point the rate will drop off sharply due to 21)________________ of
the enzyme at high temperatures.
20) Increase
21) Denaturation
Factors Affecting Enzymes Activity: 2. pH enzymes work best at an optimal pH. o If the environment is more acidic or basic the rate of enzymatic activity will 22) \_\_\_\_increases or decreases\_\_\_
Decrease
Factors Affecting Enzymes Activity:
3.Concentration
Concentration
o Increase in substrate or enzyme concentration 23) ____-increases or decreases ___
the reaction rate.
§ At some substrate concentration, the active sites on all enzymes are
engaged and the reaction rate does not change with a further_______ in
substrate concentration.
Increases
- increase
_______-can inhibit an enzyme regulate a metabolic pathway.
Enzyme Inhibitors
________-inhibitor binds to the active site, as a
substrate impostor that blocks the active site prevent the substrate from binding.
Competitive inhibition
________-inhibitor binds at a different site (allosteric),
changing the shape of the enzyme’s active site.
Non competitive
