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Introduction to physiology > Lab quizzes > Flashcards

Lab quizzes Flashcards

1
Q

When the brain receives an input signal indicating that the body temperature is too high it sends an output signal through sympathetic nerves that activates sweat glands in the skin. Sweating helps to lower body temperature. What type of control mechanism is this?

A

Extrinsic control in negative feedback

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2
Q

What component of a homeostatic control mechanism detects the change in a variable produced by a stimulus?

A

Receptor (Sensory)

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3
Q

What role do sweat glands play in a homeostatic control mechanism for thermoregulation?

A

Effector

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4
Q

The uterus contains an inner lining of epithelial tissue the functions to nourish the developing fetus and a thick outer layer of smooth muscle that functions to produce uterine contractions during childbirth. What level of biological organization is the uterus?

A

Organ

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5
Q

During childbirth afferent neurons relay information into the brain from cervical stretch receptors in the uterus. Increased stretching stimulates production of the hormone Oxytocin. Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions leading to increased stretching until the baby is delivered. What type of control mechanism is this?

A

Extrinsic control in positive feedback

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6
Q

What is the study of the functional changes in disease?

A

Pathophysiology

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7
Q

What type of bond forms between the partial negative charge of an oxygen atom in one molecule of water and the partial positive charge of a hydrogen atom in a different molecule of water?

A

Hydrogen bond

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8
Q

What type of bond forms between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms within a molecule of water?

A

Polar covalent bond

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9
Q

Polar molecule like glucose (C6H12O6) an ions like sodium (Na+) and chloride (CL-) are ________ chemicals that dissolve easily in water.

A

Hydrophilic

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10
Q

What variable does the experimenter manipulate in an experiment to investigate the effects on another variable? For example, what variable is the dietary vitamin D level in an experiment testing the effects of vitamin D on growth?

A

Independent Variable

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11
Q

A strong vinegar solution with a pH of 2.0 has __________ the concentration of hydrogen ions found in a neutral solution with a solution with a pH of 7.0?

A

100,000 times

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12
Q

Glycolysis is a catabolic pathway that converts glucose (C3H4O3). The atomic weight of carbon is 12 grams per mole. The atomic weight of hydrogen is 1 gram per mole. The atomic weight of oxygen is 16 grams per mole. What is the molecular weight of pyruvic acid?

A

88 g/mole

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13
Q

A recent study published by scientist at Stanford University School of Medicine demonstrated that the modern value of the homeostatic setpoint for body temperature is about 97.9 degrees Fahrenheit (F). What is this temperature in degrees Celsius (C)?
Formula: (F-32)5/9=*C

A

36.6 *C

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14
Q

How many grams of sodium chloride (NaCl) would be needed to make 5000L of a 0.90% isotonic saline solution?
(Formulas: 1% solution= 1g/100mL, 1Liter= 1000mL)

A

4.5x10^4 g

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15
Q

The molecular weight (M.W.) of sodium chloride (NaCl) is 58.5 g/mole. Calculate the molarity of a 0.90% isotonic saline solution. (Formulas: 1% solution=1g/100mL, 1 Liter=1000mL, Molarity (M)=moles/liter=grams/liter divided by M.W.)

A

0.15 M

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16
Q

Which direction does water move by osmosis if an erythrocyte is place in a hypertonic solution of 5% sodium chloride?

A

Out of the ell

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17
Q

Which direction does water move by osmosis if an erythrocyte is placed in a hypotonic solution of 0.009% sodium chloride?

A

into the cell

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18
Q

Which solution has the same solute concentration as the cytosol?

A

Isotonic solution

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19
Q

If you increase the temperature of a solution, the rate of diffusion?

A

Increase

20
Q

What molecules have the fastest diffusion rate through an aqueous solution like the cytosol or blood plasma?

A

Molecules with low molecular weight diffuse faster when comparing heavier molecules molecular weight.

21
Q

What method was used to separate DNA molecules for restriction fragments length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis?

A

Gel Electrophoresis

22
Q

What nucleotide in DNA forms a Complementary base pair with Thymine?

A

Adenine

23
Q

What membranous organelle sorts newly made proteins coming from the rough endoplasmic reticulum and sends them out in transport vesicles to various destinations within the cytoplasm, plasma membrane, or extracellular fluid?

A

Golgi apparatus

24
Q

What amphiphilic organic molecules from a bilayer in the plasma membrane ?

A

phospholipids

25
Q

What organelle performs translation to synthesize proteins?

A

Ribosome

26
Q

Which organelle performs oxidative phosphorylation to produce large amounts of ATP?

A

Mitochondria

27
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

Nucleus

28
Q

Which active transport mechanism moves extracellular fluid into the cell forming a vesicle within the cytoplasm?

A

Pinocytosis

29
Q

What type of membrane transport mechanism enables a sodium ion to move into the cytosol through a channel protein from extracellular fluid with a higher sodium concentration?

A

Faciliatated diffusion

30
Q

What chemical is broken down by the sodium-potassium pump in order to provide the energy needed to drive primary active transport of sodium?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP).

31
Q

What molecules function as biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being used up or altered in reaction?

A

Enzymes

32
Q

What is a function of tyrosinase in humans?

A

Production of the pigment melanin

33
Q

What determines the specificity of an enzyme?

A

The amino acid sequence of the protein

34
Q

How does increasing the concentration of the substrate catechol effect the rate of the reaction catalyzed by catechol oxidase

A

Increase

35
Q

How does decreasing the concentration of catechol oxidase effect the rate of formation of the product benzoquinone?

A

Decrease

36
Q

What is a molecule that slows the rate of a biochemical reaction by binding to the active site of an enzyme?

A

Competitive inhibitor

37
Q

What mechanism causes a dramatic decrease in enzyme activity at extremely high temperatures?

A

Denaturation

38
Q

What type of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation?

A

tRNA

39
Q

What transport mechanism is the movement of glucose into the cell against its concentration gradient that is fueled by the movement of sodium into the cell down its concentration gradient through a sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter?

A

Secondary Active transport

40
Q

During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes align in the center of the mitotic spindle?

A

Metaphase

41
Q

During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?

A

S phase

42
Q

During transcription, what enzyme catalyzes dehydration synthesis of nucleotides to form a RNA polymer?

A

RNA polymerase

43
Q

During the initiation step DNA replication, which enzyme constructs RNA primers complementary to the sequence of the template strand?

A

Primase

44
Q

What genes code for proteins that normally stop or slow down the cell cycle and stimulate DNA repair?

A

Tumor suppressor genes

45
Q

How does pH affect enzyme activity?

A

Increasing or decreasing from the optimal pH decreases activity.

Introduction to physiology (9 decks)

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