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Introduction to physiology > Cellular respiration > Flashcards

Cellular respiration Flashcards

1
Q

_________within a cell involves many chemical reactions where electrons are
transferred from one chemical to another during.

A

Energy production

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2
Q

_______-loss of electrons in a chemical reaction

A

Oxidation

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3
Q

_______-gain of electrons in a chemical reaction

A

Reduction

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4
Q

In reduction reactions:
Because these reactions usually occur together, these pairs of reactions are called
__________

A

redox reactions.

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5
Q

In reduction reactions:
Example: Catabolism of glucose involves transfer of electrons to oxygen
producing water and carbon dioxide.
§ As the reducing agent (C6H12O6) 3)_____________________ electrons,
the 4)_______________ agent (O2) accepts electrons.

A

3) loses

4) Oxidizing

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6
Q

In reduction reactions:
_________ - enzymes that catalyze redox reactions.
§ Most of these enzymes require small molecules (coenzymes) that are able
to accept and carry the electrons (electron carriers

A

Dehydrogenases and oxidases

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7
Q

What does Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) get reduce to form?

A

NADH

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8
Q

What does Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) get reduced to form?

A

FADH_2

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9
Q

_______-a series of metabolic pathways that extracts energy from the bonds in
glucose and uses this energy to synthesize 5)____________

A

Cellular respiration

5) ATP

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10
Q

What are the to main types of cellular respiration?

A

Aerobic respiration

and Anaerobic respiration

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11
Q

What type of cellular respiration is this?
______-requires oxygen and involves the
mitochondria producing a large amount of ATP.

A

Aerobic respiration

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12
Q

Within Aerobic respiration there is a sequence of four pathways that yeilds about 30 ATP per glucose what they? (in order!!)

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
  3. Citric Acid Cycle
  4. Oxidative Phosphorylation
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13
Q

What type of cellular respiration is this?
______-does not require oxygen or
mitochondria but produces much less ATP

A

Anaerobic respiration

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14
Q

With the Anaerobic respiration there is a sequence of two pathways that yields 2 ATP per glucose what are they? (in order!!!)

A
  1. Glycolysis

2. Lactic Acid Fermentation

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15
Q

______-catabolic pathway that converts glucose into two pyruvate molecules occurs
in the cytoplasm.

A

Glycolysis

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16
Q

In glycolysis is oxygen (anaerobic) require?

A

No is not require

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17
Q

In glycolysis a six-carbon molecule is broken down into ______ three-carbon molecules

A

two

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18
Q

Glycolysis store energy as :

Two molecules of 9)______ and two molecules of 10)____________

A

9) ATP

10) NADH(electron carries)

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19
Q

What is the first step of Glycolysis?

A

Hexokinase catalyzes a phosphorylation reaction where a phosphate group is
transferred from ATP to glucose producing Glucose-6-phosphate.

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20
Q

What is the second step of Glycolysis?

A

Phosphoglucose isomerase catalyzses an isomerization reaction that reorganizes the
atoms of glucose-6-phosphate producing Fructose-6-phosphate.

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21
Q

What is the third step of Glycolysis?

A

Phosphofructokinase uses an ATP to activate fructose-6-phosphate by
phosphorylation producing fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.

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22
Q

What is the fourth step of Glycolysis?

A

Fructose bisphosphate aldolase produces two 3 carbon molecules dihydroxyacetone
diphosphate (DHAP) & glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P).

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23
Q

What is the 5 step of Glycolysis?

A

Triose phosphate isomerase converts DHAP into another G3P.
o Steps 6-10 occur twice per glucose because two molecules of G3P are produced
from each glucose.

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24
Q

What is the 6 step of Glycoslysis

A

In step six the enzyme Glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate (G3P) dehydrogenase catalyzes
the oxidation of G3P and reduction of NAD to produce 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-
BPG) and a high energy NADH molecule.

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25
Q

What is the 7 step of Glycolysis?

A

Phosphoglycerate kinase transfers a phosphate from 1,3-BPG to ADP producing one
ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PG).

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26
Q

What is the 8 step of Glycolysis?

A

Phosphoglycerate mutase catalyzes the isomerization reaction that converts 3-PG into
2-phosphoglycerate (2-PG).

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27
Q

What is the 9 step of Glycolysis

A

Enolase converts 2-PG into phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) releasing a molecule of
water.

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28
Q

What is the 10 step of Glysolysis?

A

Pyruvate kinase transfers a phosphate group from PEP to ADP producing a molecule
of ATP and pyruvic acid.

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29
Q

What is the summary of Glycolysis?

A

Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+→ 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH

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30
Q

The Fate of pyruvate:
In anaerobic conditions pyruvate enters 12)__________ Fermentation: the
enzyme lactate dehydrogenase oxidizes NADH and reduces pyruvate forming lactate.
o Produces 2 ATP per glucose (less efficient that aerobic respiration)

A

12)Lactic Acid Fermentation

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31
Q

The Fate of pyruvate:
In aerobic conditions pyruvate enters the mitochondria where the 13)________________
performs oxidation of pyruvate releasing one carbon as CO2 and transferring the other
two carbons onto the sulfur atom of Coenzyme-A (CoA) forming the molecule
14)___________ that will enter the citric acid cycle next.
o 1NAD+ is reduced to NADH for each pyruvate oxidized.

A

13) CO_2

14) Acetyl CoA

32
Q

______-Metabolic pathway that occurs in the matrix of the

mitochondria and converts the two carbons of acetyl-coA into two Co_2 molecules.

A

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

33
Q

How does the Citric Acid Cycle Harvest the energy as?

A

3 NADH per Acetyl-CoA or 6 NADH per glucose

o 1 FADH2 per Acetyl-CoA or 2 FADH2 per glucose

34
Q

What is the first Step of the Citric Acid Cycle

A

Citrate synthase combines acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate to form a six-carbon citrate
molecule.

35
Q

What is the second step of the citirc Acid Cycle?

A

Aconitase converts citrate into isocitrate

36
Q

What is the 3 step of the citirc Acid Cycle?

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase converts isocitrate into the five-carbon α-ketoglutarate
releasing a molecule of CO2 and forming a high energy NADH.

37
Q

What is the 4 step of the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase- converts α-ketoglutarate into the four-carbon
succinyl CoA releasing a molecule of CO2 and forming a high energy NADH.

38
Q

What is the 5 step of the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

Succinyl CoA dehydrogenase- converts succinyl CoA into succinate and forms the
high-energy molecule GTP, which transfers its energy to ADP to produce ATP.

39
Q

What is the 6 step of the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

Succinate dehydrogenase- converts succinate into fumarate, forming a high energy
molecule of FADH2.

40
Q

What is the 7 step of the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

Fumarase- converts fumarate into malate.

41
Q

What is the 8 step of the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

Malate dehydrogenase- converts malate into oxaloacetate while reducing NAD+ to
NADH. Oxaloacetate is then ready to start the cycle again with another acetyl CoA.

42
Q

What is the summary of the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

Acetyl-CoA + 3 NAD+ + FAD → 2 CO2 + 3 NADH + FADH2

43
Q

In Summary of citric Acid Cycle:

______-provide the energy that fuels oxidative phosphorylation

A

NADH and FADH2

44
Q

In Summary of citric Acid Cycle
Two GTP (similar to ATP) are also produced during the citric acid cycle but they are
canceled out by two ATP used to transport the ________ produced during glycolysis into
the mitochondria to be used for oxidative phosphorylation.

A

NADH

45
Q

The reactant of Glycolysis and PDC is:
Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 4 NAD+→
the product?

A

Product is:

2 CO2 + 2 Acetyl CoA + 2 ATP + 4 NADH

46
Q

The reactant of the Summary of Citric Acid Cycle is:

2 Acetyl CoA + 6 NAD+ + 2 FAD → What is the Product?

A

4 CO2 + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2

47
Q

The Overall Summary for Glycolysis, PDC, and Citric Acid Cycle is :
Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 10 NAD+ + 2 FAD→
What is the product

A

6 CO_2 +2 ATP+10 NADH+2 FADH_2

48
Q

_______-a metabolic pathway that uses oxygen to release the energy stored
in NADH and FADH2 producing H2O and a large amount of ATP.
• Requires oxygen and occurs at the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

49
Q

What are the two major parts of the phosphorylation ?

A

Electron transport Chain (ECT)

and Chemiosomes

50
Q

In the first part of the Electron transport chain (ETC):

Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed down a chain of protein complexes
embedded in the inner membrane of the ________

A

mitochondria.

51
Q

In the first part of the Electron transport chain (ETC):

Electrons fall to lower energy levels as they are passed down the chain (releases
energy) and this energy is used to drive the active transport of H+ (protons) out of
the __________ across the inner membrane.

A

mitochondrial matrix

52
Q

In the first part of the Electron transport chain (ETC):

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor that binds to 2 _____ to form water

A

H+

53
Q

What is the first Complex of the ETC?

A 
Complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase)- oxidizes NADH and
reduces ubiquinone forming NAD+ and ubiquinol.
• 4 H+ are pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix.
54
Q

What is the second Complex of the ETC?

A 
Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase)- oxidizes FADH2 and reduces
ubiquinone forming NAD+ and ubiquinol
55
Q

What is the third Complex of the ETC?

A 
Complex III (ubiquinol:cytochrome c oxidoreductase)- oxidizes ubiquinol
to form ubiquinone and reduces cytochrome-C.
• Pumps 4 H+ out of the mitochondrial matrix.
56
Q

What is the fourth Complex of the ETC?

A

Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase)- oxidizes cytochrome-C as oxygen
(O2) is reduced and combines with 4 H+ forming 2 H2O.
• 4 H+ are also pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix.

57
Q

Summary of the ETC:

  • 10 H+ pumped out of the mitochondria for each ______
  • 6 H+ pumped out of the mitochondria for each _______
A
  • NADH oxidized

* FADH2 oxidized.

58
Q

What is the first part of the oxidative phosphorylation called?

A

Electron transport

59
Q

What is the second part of the oxidative phosphorylation called

A

Chemiosmosis “chemical diffusion”

60
Q

In the second part Chemiosmosis:
The energy released by electrons moving down the chain is used to pump H+
from the _______ to the intermembrane space.

A

matrix

61
Q

In the second part Chemiosmosis:

This creates a _____gradient (potential energy).

A

proton “(H+) hydrogen ion”

62
Q

In the second part Chemiosmosis:
This gradient is a force (the proton (H+) (motive force) that drives protons back into
the ________

A

mitochondrial matrix.

63
Q

In the second part Chemiosmosis:
As protons enter the mitochondria this kinetic energy is converted to chemical
potential energy by the enzyme _________ that catalyzes the
phosphorylation of ADP to produce ATP: ADP + Pi → ATP

A

ATP synthase

64
Q

Overall Maximum of _____ATP Produced by Cellular Respiration of
Glucose

It is unlikely that most cells actually achieve this theoretical maximum. Efficiency
varies from cell to cell and depends on a number of factors.

A

30-36

65
Q

In a Overall Maximum of 30-36 ATP Produced by Cellular Respiration of Glucose

*The proton motive force also provides the energy for an active transport
mechanism that moves ADP + Pi into the ___________ and ATP out of the
mitochondria.

A

mitochondria

66
Q

In a Overall Maximum of 30-36 ATP Produced by Cellular Respiration of Glucose

*H+ can also leak across the inner mitochondrial membrane further decreasing
the efficiency of _______

A

oxidative phosphorylation.

67
Q

_______-synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrates.

• Can start with glycerol, lactic acid or various amino acids.

A

Gluconeogenesis

68
Q

_______-breakdown of proteins releasing amino acids.

A

Protein Catabolism

69
Q

______-in the liver nitrogen containing amine group is removed from
amino acids producing the waste product ammonia (NH3).

A

Demination

70
Q

Carbon skeletons produced by deamination of amino acids can be used for
gluconeogenesis or enter the _______

A

citric acid cycle.

71
Q

_______-the hydrolysis of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids

A

Lipolysis

72
Q

Part of the Lipolysis
______-is converted into glyceraldehyde phosphate a glycolysis
intermediate that can enter into the citric acid cycle or be used for
gluconeogenesis.

A

The glycerol

73
Q

Part of the Lipolysis
_______-acids enter b-oxidation- enzymes in the mitochondria catabolize
fatty acids producing Acetyl CoA that enters the citric acid cycle.

A

Fatty Acids enter B-oxidation

74
Q

________-production of ketone bodies from acetyl CoA that occurs when
acetyl CoA production exceeds the capacity of the citric acid cycle to process it.

A

Ketogenesis

75
Q

______-ketones are converted to acetyl-CoA and enter the citric acid cycle.

A

Ketone oxidation

Introduction to physiology (9 decks)

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