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Introduction to physiology > Cell Physiology part 1-3 > Flashcards

Cell Physiology part 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

Cells were described by _______ in the mid 1600s, but it wasn’t until the 1830’s
when their importance was realized leading to the formulation of the three tenets of the
cell theory

A

Robert Hooke

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2
Q

What are the three tenets of the cell theory?

A
  • All Organism are composed of one or more cells
  • Cells are the smallest living units
  • Cells arise from pre-existing cells
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3
Q

_______-all cells vary in shape and functions but they all share general structures

A

Cell diversity

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4
Q

What are three main regions of a cell?

A

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasma
Organelles

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5
Q

What region of a cell is this?

_____-semipermeable barrier forming the outer border

A

Plasma membrane

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6
Q

What region of a cell is this?
_____-contents of the cell including organelles and
a liquid called cytosol.

A

Cytoplasma

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7
Q

What region of a cell is this?

______-intracellular fluid, contains ions, proteins, and nutrients

A

Cytosol

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8
Q

What region of a cell is this?

____-specialized cellular structures that perform a function

A

Organelles

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9
Q

What example of region the cell is this?
____-contains the genetic material (DNA)
that functions as instructions for making proteins.

A

Nucleus

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10
Q

This is a common cell type:

Nervous tissues contain _____ and glial cells

A

Neurons

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11
Q

This is a common cell type:

_____-contain muscle cells (a.k.a. myocytes or fibers)

A

Muscle tissues

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12
Q

This is a common cell type:

_____- contain epithelial cells

A

Epithelial tissues

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13
Q

This is a common cell type:
____- contain mesenchymal cells (connective tissue stem cells), fibroblasts, fibrocytes, adipocytes (fat storage cells), chondrocytes (mature
cartilage cells), osteocytes (mature bone cells), Erythrocytes (red blood
cells), Leukocytes (white blood cells)

A

Connective tissues

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14
Q

_____-separates the living cell from its nonliving

surroundings

A

Plasma membrane

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15
Q

What general function of the plasma membrane is this?

_____-separates extracellular fluid from intracellular fluid

A

Barrier

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16
Q

What general function of the plasma membrane is this?

_____-controls what enters and exits the cell

A

Selective permeability

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17
Q

What general function of the plasma membrane is this?
_____-cell recognition, binds hormones, cell
communication

A

Cell maker and receptors

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18
Q

What general function of the plasma membrane is this?

_____-between other cell membranes or extracellular materials

A

Adhesion

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19
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane?

A

It’s the structure

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20
Q

what is the structure of the plasma membrane that has a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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21
Q

Part of the Phospholipid bilayer:
_____-orientate themselves towards the extracellular and
intracellular fluid

A

Hydrophilic heads

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22
Q

Part of the Phospholipid bilayer:

______-orientate themselves inward, away from the fluid

A

Hydrophobic tails

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23
Q

What does cholesterol does to the plasma membrane?

A

stabilizes the membrane

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24
Q

On top of the plasma membrane
_____-carbohydrates attached to membrane lipids and
proteins serve as biological markers recognized by leukocytes (white blood cells).

A

Glycocalyx

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25
Q

What type of protein is this?

____-attach to inner or outer surface of the membrane

A

Peripheral

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26
Q

What type of protein is this?

_____-embedded in or span the membrane

A

Integral membrane protein

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27
Q

What type of function of Transport membrane proteins is this?
______-water filled pathways that allow select ions in/out of the cell

A

Channel proteins

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28
Q

What type of function of Transport membrane proteins is this?
_____-transport select substances across the
membrane

A

carrier proteins

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29
Q

What type of function of the membrane proteins is this?
_____-play a role in anchoring cells to each
other and the cytoskeleton

A

Cell adhesion molecules

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30
Q

What type of function of the membrane proteins is this?

_____-cell recognition, cell signaling, binding of hormones

A

Receptors

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31
Q

What type of function of the membrane proteins is this?
________-facilitate chemical reactions on
inner and outer membrane surfaces

A

Enzymes

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32
Q

_______-solutes move down their concentration gradient until evenly distributed throughout
the solution

A

Diffusion

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33
Q

Factors that affect the rate of diffusion:

The magnitude of the concentration gradient
Question:
If you increase the concentration gradient, the rate of diffusion would _____.
Increase or decrease?

A

Increase

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34
Q

Factors that affect the rate of diffusion:

The permeability of the plasma membrane to a substance.

Question:
If you increase the permeability of the membrane to a substance, the rate of
diffusion would ____.
(increase or decrease)

A

Increase

35
Q

Factors that affect the rate of diffusion:

The surface area of the membrane across which diffusion takes place

Question:
If you increase the surface area of the membrane exposed to a substance, the rate of diffusion would _______.
(increase or decrease)

A

Increase

36
Q

Factors that affect the rate of diffusion:

The molecular weight of a substance

Question:
If you increase the molecular weight of a substance, the rate of diffusion would
______.
(increase or decrease)

A

Decrease

37
Q

Factors that affect the rate of diffusion:

The distance through which diffusion takes place

Question:
If you increase the distance a substance must diffuse, would the rate of diffusion
______.
(increase or decrease)

A

Decrease

38
Q

Factors that affect the rate of diffusion:

Temperature

Question:
If you increase the temperature, would the rate of diffusion?
(increase or decrease)

A

Increase

39
Q

_____- has two types of transport passive vs. active

A

Plasma Membrane Transport

40
Q

_________-does not require ATP to move solutes across a membrane.

A

Passive transport

41
Q

What type of Passive transport is this?
______-solutes diffuse across the membrane unassisted
§ Small non-polar and lipid-soluble solutes
* Examples: oxygen or carbon dioxide

A

Simple diffusion

42
Q

What type of Passive transport is this?
_____-proteins carry or assist solutes across the membrane

Charged ions move through protein channels
§ Large molecules such as glucose or amino acids are carried across by
carrier proteins
§ Carrier proteins
Ø Transports a specific substance (for example you have specific
glucose transporters in the membrane of some cells)
Ø Can reach saturation when all binding sites are occupied
(Transport maximum)
Ø Competitive inhibitor - other closely related compounds can
compete for the same binding sight

A

Facilitated diffusion

43
Q

______- diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane down its concentration gradient.

A

Osmosis

44
Q

In Osmosis:
______-ability of a solution to change the shape of a cell by altering its internal
water volume, depends on concentration of non-penetrating solutes

A

Tonicity

45
Q

In osmosis what type of tonicity is this?
*_____-contains equal concentration solutes as the cell
•- What effect would this solution have on cell volume_____

A
  • Isotonic

- remain balance

46
Q

In osmosis what type of tonicity is this?
*_____-contains more solutes than the cell
• What effect would this solution have on cell volume?

A
  • Hypertonic

- cell shrinks

47
Q

In osmosis what type of tonicity is this?
*_____-contains less solutes than the cell
• What effect would this solution have on cell volume?

A
  • Hypotonic

- Cell will grow and eventually will rupture

48
Q

______ – movement of solutes across the membrane that requires input of
energy (usually ATP). Occurs during movement of solutes against their concentration gradient or
movement of very large molecules

A

Active transport

49
Q

Within the Active transport:
_____-proteins use ATP to transport solutes against
concentration gradient

A

Solute pumps

50
Q

Within the Active transport:
_____-carrier proteins that transport two or more substrates across a
membrane.
§ Symport: moves two substrates in same direction
§ Antiport: moves two substrates in opposite directions

A

Cotransporters

51
Q

Within the Active transport:
____-energy is provided directly by the hydrolysis of ATP
§ Example: Sodium-Potassium pump maintains a higher concentration of
potassium inside the cell and a higher concentration of sodium outside the
cell. Pumps 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in.

A

Primary active transport

52
Q

Within the Active transport:
_____-primary transport of one molecule creates an ion
gradient used to drive another molecule against its concentration gradient.
§ Example: Movement of sodium down its concentration gradient is used to
drive glucose into a cell against its concentration gradient (sodium and
glucose both move into the cell through a symport cotransporter).

A

Secondary active transport

53
Q

_____-moves material from cell interior to the extracellular space.
o Vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane expelling the contents out of the cell

A

Exocytosis

54
Q

_____-moves material from extracellular space to cytoplasm.
o Phagocytosis – “cell eating”
o Pinocytosis – “cell drinking”
o Receptor mediated endocytosis – receptors bind specific substances and initiates
endocytosis.

A

Endocytosis

55
Q

______-control center of the cell, contains chromosomes made of chromatin

A

Nucleus

56
Q

Within the nucleus

______-strands of DNA (genetic material) bound to proteins

A

Chromatin

57
Q

Within the nucleus
____-double membrane separating the
nucleus from the cytoplasm

A

Nuclear envelope (a.k.a. nuclear membrane)

58
Q

Within the nucleus:

____-dark stained body, site of ribosome production

A

Nucleolus

59
Q

That process of DNA becoming to messenger RNA to protein is called?

A

Central Dogma of Genetics

60
Q

____-occurs in the nucleus the sequence of nucleotides in the
DNA coding for a gene are read and used to guide the synthesis of a messenger
RNA copy of the gene with a corresponding nucleotide sequence

A

Transcription

61
Q

____-occurs at ribosome when sequence of messenger RNA is read and
used to guide the synthesis of a protein

A

Translation

62
Q

_____-small dark bodies made of protein and RNA
• Site of protein synthesis (translation)
• Found free in the cytoplasm and attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Ribosomes

63
Q

_____-fluid-filled coiled tubules. Serves as a channel for transporting substances within the cell.

A

Endoplasmic reticulumn (ER)

64
Q

What type of Endoplasmic reticulumn (ER) is this ?
_______ ER
*Studded with ribosomes
o Manufactures all secreted proteins

A

Rough ER

65
Q

What type of Endoplasmic reticulumn (ER) is this ?
_______ ER
o Functions in lipid metabolism and cell signaling

A

Smooth ER

66
Q

_____-stack of flat membranous sacs

• Packages proteins for transport depending on their final destination

A

Golgi apparatus

67
Q

______-small membranous compartments bud off of the cell membrane, nucleus, ER
and golgi apparatus.

A

Vesicles

68
Q

What type of the three distinct pathways of the vesicles is this?
____-release content by exocytosis

A

Secretory vesicles

69
Q

What type of the three distinct pathways of the vesicles is this?
_____- fuses with cell membrane

A

Membrane renewal vesicles

70
Q

What type of the three distinct pathways of the vesicles is this?
Become ___________ and remain in cytoplasm

A

lysosomes or peroxisomes

71
Q

______-specialized vesicles containing proteolytic digestive enzymes
• Digest proteins from non-usable and damaged organelles
• Destroy bacteria and other foreign materials within the cell

A

Lysosome

72
Q

_______-specialized vesicles containing oxidase enzymes
• Detoxify harmful substances like alcohol and formaldehyde
• Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)

A

Peroxisome

73
Q

______-double membrane structures
• Infoldings of inner membrane are called cristae
• Inner fluid called the matrix
• “Powerhouses” of the cell provides ATP for cellular energy
• Contains it’s own circular DNA for reproduction and protein synthesis

A

Mitochondrion

74
Q

______-“cell skeleton”. Provides the cell with an internal framework,
supports organelles, and facilitates intracellular motility

A

Cytoskeleton

75
Q

What type of cytoskeleton is this?
________-Hollow tubes made of protein
o Radiate out from a region near the nucleus
o Anchor and move organelles
o Form mitotic spindles during cell division
o Largest diameter of the “cell skeleton” elements

A

Microtubules

76
Q

What type of cytoskeleton is this?
______-Concentrated under the plasma membrane
o Function in cell mobility and shape
o Braces plasma membrane and strengthens cell surface
o Smallest diameter of the “cell skeleton” elements

A

Microfilament

77
Q

What type of cytoskeleton is this?
________-Composed of proteins with high tensile strength
o Resist pulling forces on the cell

A

Intermediate filaments

78
Q

_______-Located near the nucleus
• Directs the formation of microtubules
• Important role in enabling the movement of chromosomes during cell division
• Consists of a pair of 50)__________________- Rod-shaped bodies composed of
short microtubules and other proteins arranged in a cylindrical structure

A

Centrosomes (which are pairs of centrioles)

50) Centrioles

79
Q

What type of the extension of the cell membrane is this?
________-whip-like extension that occurs on the free surface of the cell
o Move substances along cell surface
o Found on epithelial cells lining most of the respiratory tract

A

Cilia

80
Q

What type of the extension of the cell membrane is this?
______-similar whip-like extensions but much longer
o Tail of sperm is only example in human anatomy
o Functions to propels the cell itself

A

Flagella

81
Q

What type of the extension of the cell membrane is this?
_____-small finger-like extensions that increase surface area
o Found on epithelial cells lining the intestines and tubules of the kidney

A

Microvilli

82
Q

_______-form an impermeable barrier between cells by interlocking
proteins encircling the cell
• Found at the apical surface of epithelial cells
• Keeps out enzymes, acids, microorganisms

A

Tight Junction

83
Q

_____-anchor intermediate filaments of adjacent cells together
• Prevent cells that are subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart

A

Desmosomes

84
Q

______-cells are connected by hollow cylinders
• Allows chemical communication between cells
• Found in smooth and cardiac muscle

A

Gap Junctions

Introduction to physiology (9 decks)

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